PER 510- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
GUYTON & HALL TEXTBOOK OF
MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 14TH EDITION
BY JOHN E. HALL and MICHAEL E. HALL
Special Thank You to George E. Haynes
for Preparation of Power Point Slides
Instructor: Michael Campisi CCP
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
Chapter 1: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BY THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Describe the structural Organization of the Human Body
Describe the 11 essential body systems
Distinguish the Intra from the Extracellular matrix and describe the composition of each.
List the general characteristics of “Living” as we understand the word
Understand the mechanisms of Homeostasis and +/- Feedback
THE SCOPE OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ( A very, very brief synopsis)
Human Physiology: Focus on mechanical, physical and functioning of systems -
how
things work
biochemical functioning of the human body. Creates a
framework for understanding how the human body adapts
to stresses, physical activity, and disease.
Pathophysiology: Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Neurophysiology: Functional properties of nerve cells.
Endocrinology: Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they
control body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology: Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Claude Bernard – French (1813 – 1878)
Immunology: The body's defenses against disease-causing agents. The “Father of Modern Physiology”
Respiratory physiology: Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Renal physiology: Functions of the kidneys and associated structures.
Exercise Physiology: Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular
activity.
For an extensive synopsis ( 120 million plus results) search on the internet for “Human Physiology”,
“Human Physiology Topics”, or “Types of Physiology”
1
, Levels of Structural Organization within the Human Body (highest to lowest)
The Organismal Level: This is the “whole” or composite of all the parts. The unique life form.
↑
The System Level: A “system” is a group of organs in which their functions interact to complete a group of related functions important for normal
functioning of the organism.
↑
The Organ Level: Organs are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have a specific function and usually have a
recognizable form or shape.
h
The Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of cells and the material that surrounds and supports the cells with a specific function.
~
The Cellular Level: The basic structural living unit of all organisms.
The Chemical or Molecular Level: The lowest level of structural organization. The atoms, molecules, and compounds that ultimately form the
basis for the living cell.
There are Seven (7) STATES OF MATTER based on
Temperature, Pressure and Magnetic Field effects:
1) Solid; 2) Liquid; 3) Gas; 4) Ionized Plasma
5) Quark-gluon Plasma; and Quantum Condensates:
6) Bose- Einstein Condensate 7) Fermionic
Condensate
All forms of matter whether within nonliving structures or
living structures on earth is composed of the 92 basic
building blocks or elements. Scientists have expanded
this number over the years. Examine the periodic table
on the next slide.
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created the framework that became the modern periodic table, leaving gaps for
elements that were yet to be discovered.
C H 0 N >
- essential elements
, , ,
I" in
cardioplegia
-
stops depolarization of cells in
heart ,
flush our to restart conductivity of heart
-
PlacingPacing wires forIt wash our
-
FROM THE ORIGINAL 92 ELEMENTS NATURE SELECTED APPROXIMATELY 26 “ELEMENTS OF LIFE” DIVIDING THEM
INTO 13 as ESSENTIAL AND AT LEAST 13 MORE AS TRACE ELEMENTS TO BUILD LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
The 13 essential Life elements are: C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), Ca (calcium), P (phosphorous), K
(potassium), S (sulfur), Na (sodium), Cl (chlorine), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), and I (iodine).
The remaining 13 are referred to as “trace elements” and include: Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, and Zinc. There are possibly several more, however
their identity, function, and amount are unsure or unknown.
We know that the primordial earth combined these elements into various compounds such as: nucleic acids (DNA, RNA,
micro-RNA), Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids. These, in turn, through some process yet to be proven lead to the first living
cell.
One could at this point render into the realm of Religion and Philosophy, however, scientifically speaking the most plausible
explanation of how the first cell and complex organisms came into existence seems to be by adaptation and evolution.
Simply put, ADAPTATION is the ability of matter to re-position itself to a state of least resistance placed upon it
by its surroundings and to ultimately incorporate these adaptations into the genetic matter of the living organism
within which the matter exists.
While EVOLUTION is where permanent changes in the organism and species occur over time because of
adaptation.
2
GUYTON & HALL TEXTBOOK OF
MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 14TH EDITION
BY JOHN E. HALL and MICHAEL E. HALL
Special Thank You to George E. Haynes
for Preparation of Power Point Slides
Instructor: Michael Campisi CCP
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
Chapter 1: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BY THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Describe the structural Organization of the Human Body
Describe the 11 essential body systems
Distinguish the Intra from the Extracellular matrix and describe the composition of each.
List the general characteristics of “Living” as we understand the word
Understand the mechanisms of Homeostasis and +/- Feedback
THE SCOPE OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ( A very, very brief synopsis)
Human Physiology: Focus on mechanical, physical and functioning of systems -
how
things work
biochemical functioning of the human body. Creates a
framework for understanding how the human body adapts
to stresses, physical activity, and disease.
Pathophysiology: Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Neurophysiology: Functional properties of nerve cells.
Endocrinology: Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they
control body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology: Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Claude Bernard – French (1813 – 1878)
Immunology: The body's defenses against disease-causing agents. The “Father of Modern Physiology”
Respiratory physiology: Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Renal physiology: Functions of the kidneys and associated structures.
Exercise Physiology: Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular
activity.
For an extensive synopsis ( 120 million plus results) search on the internet for “Human Physiology”,
“Human Physiology Topics”, or “Types of Physiology”
1
, Levels of Structural Organization within the Human Body (highest to lowest)
The Organismal Level: This is the “whole” or composite of all the parts. The unique life form.
↑
The System Level: A “system” is a group of organs in which their functions interact to complete a group of related functions important for normal
functioning of the organism.
↑
The Organ Level: Organs are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have a specific function and usually have a
recognizable form or shape.
h
The Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of cells and the material that surrounds and supports the cells with a specific function.
~
The Cellular Level: The basic structural living unit of all organisms.
The Chemical or Molecular Level: The lowest level of structural organization. The atoms, molecules, and compounds that ultimately form the
basis for the living cell.
There are Seven (7) STATES OF MATTER based on
Temperature, Pressure and Magnetic Field effects:
1) Solid; 2) Liquid; 3) Gas; 4) Ionized Plasma
5) Quark-gluon Plasma; and Quantum Condensates:
6) Bose- Einstein Condensate 7) Fermionic
Condensate
All forms of matter whether within nonliving structures or
living structures on earth is composed of the 92 basic
building blocks or elements. Scientists have expanded
this number over the years. Examine the periodic table
on the next slide.
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created the framework that became the modern periodic table, leaving gaps for
elements that were yet to be discovered.
C H 0 N >
- essential elements
, , ,
I" in
cardioplegia
-
stops depolarization of cells in
heart ,
flush our to restart conductivity of heart
-
PlacingPacing wires forIt wash our
-
FROM THE ORIGINAL 92 ELEMENTS NATURE SELECTED APPROXIMATELY 26 “ELEMENTS OF LIFE” DIVIDING THEM
INTO 13 as ESSENTIAL AND AT LEAST 13 MORE AS TRACE ELEMENTS TO BUILD LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
The 13 essential Life elements are: C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), Ca (calcium), P (phosphorous), K
(potassium), S (sulfur), Na (sodium), Cl (chlorine), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), and I (iodine).
The remaining 13 are referred to as “trace elements” and include: Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, and Zinc. There are possibly several more, however
their identity, function, and amount are unsure or unknown.
We know that the primordial earth combined these elements into various compounds such as: nucleic acids (DNA, RNA,
micro-RNA), Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids. These, in turn, through some process yet to be proven lead to the first living
cell.
One could at this point render into the realm of Religion and Philosophy, however, scientifically speaking the most plausible
explanation of how the first cell and complex organisms came into existence seems to be by adaptation and evolution.
Simply put, ADAPTATION is the ability of matter to re-position itself to a state of least resistance placed upon it
by its surroundings and to ultimately incorporate these adaptations into the genetic matter of the living organism
within which the matter exists.
While EVOLUTION is where permanent changes in the organism and species occur over time because of
adaptation.
2
