NUR 239- Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Normal flora Microorganisms that naturally live on and in the body without causing disease.
Importance of normal flora They protect against harmful microbes, aid digestion, and support immune
function.
Effect of antibiotics on normal flora They can kill or disturb normal flora, reducing protection and causing
secondary infections.
Community-acquired infection An infection that starts outside the healthcare setting.
Hospital-acquired infection An infection caused by microbes picked up in a hospital environment.
Healthcare-associated infection An infection acquired while receiving care in any healthcare setting.
Opportunistic infection An infection where normal flora microbes become pathogenic in someone
with weakened immunity.
Superinfection A secondary infection that develops after normal flora are disrupted, often
from antibiotic use.
Sepsis A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the body's abnormal or faulty
response to infection.
Common portals of entry for infection Through skin or mucous membranes, direct contact, indirect contact
(vector/fomite), ingestion, or inhalation.
Common sources of infection Humans, animals, fomites, vehicles (food, water, blood, feces, body fluids), and
vectors (insects).
Local signs of acute inflammation Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Systemic signs of acute inflammation Fever, elevated WBC, fatigue, and anorexia.
Signs of chronic inflammation Ongoing tissue damage and repair, scar tissue or granuloma formation, and
persistent fatigue.
Incubation stage of infection Active microbe replication between exposure and symptoms; the person is
asymptomatic.
Prodromal stage of infection General nonspecific symptoms like fatigue, headache, or mild fever appear;
most contagious stage.
Acute stage of infection Rapid microbe growth and maximum symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes,
muscle pain, and high WBC.
, Convalescent stage of infection Infection is contained, tissues repair, and the person returns to normal,
sometimes with lingering fatigue.
Antibiotics leading to yeast or C. diff infections Ampicillin, cephalosporins, and clindamycin.
Infections caused by ampicillin, cephalosporins, and Oral or vaginal yeast infections and pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff).
clindamycin
Medications for C. diff infections Oral vancomycin or metronidazole.
Main causes of antibiotic resistance Overuse, incomplete antibiotic courses, misuse of broad-spectrum drugs,
mutations, and gene transfer.
Prevention of antibiotic resistance Take full courses, use narrow-spectrum antibiotics when possible, and practice
infection control.
Innate Immunity The body's first line of defense that is rapid, nonspecific, and present at birth.
Examples of Innate Immune Defenses Skin, mucous membranes, tears, stomach acid, cilia, urination, peristalsis,
neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells.
Memory in Innate Immunity No, it responds the same way each time.
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity The body's second line of defense that is slower, specific, and develops after
exposure or immunization.
Unique Feature of Adaptive Immunity It targets specific antigens and has memory for faster future responses.
Active Immunity Immunity where the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to
antigen
Duration of Active Immunity It takes time to develop but can last a long time, sometimes lifelong.
Examples of Active Immunity Chickenpox infection and vaccines like flu, hepatitis B, and pneumonia.
Passive Immunity Immunity where antibodies are received from another source rather than made
by the body.
Duration of Passive Immunity It provides immediate but short-term protection (weeks to months).
Examples of Passive Immunity Antibodies passed from mother to baby or antibodies injected
Cells Involved in Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes (B cells).
Function of B Cells in Humoral Immunity Produce antibodies that attack extracellular antigens directly and form memory
B cells for future defense.
Example of Humoral Immunity The immune response after vaccination or bacterial infection.
Cells Involved in Cellular Immunity T lymphocytes (T cells).
Answers
Normal flora Microorganisms that naturally live on and in the body without causing disease.
Importance of normal flora They protect against harmful microbes, aid digestion, and support immune
function.
Effect of antibiotics on normal flora They can kill or disturb normal flora, reducing protection and causing
secondary infections.
Community-acquired infection An infection that starts outside the healthcare setting.
Hospital-acquired infection An infection caused by microbes picked up in a hospital environment.
Healthcare-associated infection An infection acquired while receiving care in any healthcare setting.
Opportunistic infection An infection where normal flora microbes become pathogenic in someone
with weakened immunity.
Superinfection A secondary infection that develops after normal flora are disrupted, often
from antibiotic use.
Sepsis A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the body's abnormal or faulty
response to infection.
Common portals of entry for infection Through skin or mucous membranes, direct contact, indirect contact
(vector/fomite), ingestion, or inhalation.
Common sources of infection Humans, animals, fomites, vehicles (food, water, blood, feces, body fluids), and
vectors (insects).
Local signs of acute inflammation Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Systemic signs of acute inflammation Fever, elevated WBC, fatigue, and anorexia.
Signs of chronic inflammation Ongoing tissue damage and repair, scar tissue or granuloma formation, and
persistent fatigue.
Incubation stage of infection Active microbe replication between exposure and symptoms; the person is
asymptomatic.
Prodromal stage of infection General nonspecific symptoms like fatigue, headache, or mild fever appear;
most contagious stage.
Acute stage of infection Rapid microbe growth and maximum symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes,
muscle pain, and high WBC.
, Convalescent stage of infection Infection is contained, tissues repair, and the person returns to normal,
sometimes with lingering fatigue.
Antibiotics leading to yeast or C. diff infections Ampicillin, cephalosporins, and clindamycin.
Infections caused by ampicillin, cephalosporins, and Oral or vaginal yeast infections and pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff).
clindamycin
Medications for C. diff infections Oral vancomycin or metronidazole.
Main causes of antibiotic resistance Overuse, incomplete antibiotic courses, misuse of broad-spectrum drugs,
mutations, and gene transfer.
Prevention of antibiotic resistance Take full courses, use narrow-spectrum antibiotics when possible, and practice
infection control.
Innate Immunity The body's first line of defense that is rapid, nonspecific, and present at birth.
Examples of Innate Immune Defenses Skin, mucous membranes, tears, stomach acid, cilia, urination, peristalsis,
neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells.
Memory in Innate Immunity No, it responds the same way each time.
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity The body's second line of defense that is slower, specific, and develops after
exposure or immunization.
Unique Feature of Adaptive Immunity It targets specific antigens and has memory for faster future responses.
Active Immunity Immunity where the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to
antigen
Duration of Active Immunity It takes time to develop but can last a long time, sometimes lifelong.
Examples of Active Immunity Chickenpox infection and vaccines like flu, hepatitis B, and pneumonia.
Passive Immunity Immunity where antibodies are received from another source rather than made
by the body.
Duration of Passive Immunity It provides immediate but short-term protection (weeks to months).
Examples of Passive Immunity Antibodies passed from mother to baby or antibodies injected
Cells Involved in Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes (B cells).
Function of B Cells in Humoral Immunity Produce antibodies that attack extracellular antigens directly and form memory
B cells for future defense.
Example of Humoral Immunity The immune response after vaccination or bacterial infection.
Cells Involved in Cellular Immunity T lymphocytes (T cells).
