ANAT20006 All Notes 1
ANAT20006 Principles of Human Structure All Notes
(everything you need to know) 2026 University of Melbourne
Table of Contents
Lecture 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12
Basic Tissue (Four Major Tissues Covered) ....................................................................................................... 12
Major Systems................................................................................................................................................ 12
Terminology ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Lecture 2: Human Embryology 1 (ECTODERM) ....................................................................................... 13
Learning Outcomes ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Congenital Disorders are Existent .................................................................................................................... 13
Periods of Human Embryology ........................................................................................................................ 13
Gastrulation ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Situs Invertus ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Overview of development: .............................................................................................................................. 15
Germ Layer Development ............................................................................................................................... 15
Formation of the Notochord ........................................................................................................................... 16
Formation of the Neural Plate and Neural Tube ............................................................................................... 16
Segmentation of Neural Tube.......................................................................................................................... 17
Development of the skin ................................................................................................................................. 17
Lecture 3: Human Embryology 2 (MESODERM) ...................................................................................... 17
Body Folding .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Mesoderm...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Paraxial mesoderm ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Somitogenesis and Somite Differentiation ....................................................................................................... 18
...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Intermediate Mesoderm ................................................................................................................................. 18
Reproductive System ...................................................................................................................................... 19
,ANAT20006 All Notes 2
Lateral Mesoderm: Development of Cardiovasculature System ........................................................................ 20
Development of the Heart .............................................................................................................................. 21
Lymphagiogenesis........................................................................................................................................... 21
Lecture 4: Human Embryology 3 (ENDODERM) ...................................................................................... 22
Endoderm ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Body Folding .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Allantois ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Development of Gut ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Development of Stomach................................................................................................................................ 24
Development of other endodermal organs ...................................................................................................... 24
Development of the Lung ................................................................................................................................ 24
*The gut and its derivatives ............................................................................................................................ 25
Head structures .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Pharyngeal Arches (Branchial Arches) .............................................................................................................. 26
Primordial Germ Cells (PGC) ............................................................................................................................ 26
Lecture 5: Human Form & Function........................................................................................................ 27
...................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Kingdom Animalia, Features ........................................................................................................................... 27
Superphylum Celomate, Features .................................................................................................................... 27
Phylum Chordata, Features ............................................................................................................................. 27
...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Subphylum Vertebrate, Features ..................................................................................................................... 28
Class Mammalia, Features............................................................................................................................... 28
Order Primate, Features.................................................................................................................................. 28
Family Hominidae, Features ............................................................................................................................ 28
Species Homo Sapiens, Features...................................................................................................................... 29
Lecture 6: Nervous System 1.................................................................................................................. 30
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Anatomical Orientation .................................................................................................................................. 30
Major parts of the Central Nervous System Gyri, Sulci, Fissures ................................................................. 30
The Meninges ................................................................................................................................................. 31
The Meninges and CSF .................................................................................................................................... 31
Four Lobes of the brain ................................................................................................................................... 32
...................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Organisation of the Cerebral Cortex ................................................................................................................ 32
The Brainstem ................................................................................................................................................ 33
The Cortex...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Glia Cells ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
Spinal Cord ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
,ANAT20006 All Notes 3
...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Cauda Equina ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Lumbar Puncture ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Spinal Cord- White Matter Tracts .................................................................................................................... 35
Lecture 7: Nervous System 2.................................................................................................................. 36
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Neurons and Spinal Cord................................................................................................................................. 36
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves ......................................................................................................................... 36
Segmental Innervation.................................................................................................................................... 37
Cranial Nerves ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Somatic Versus Autonomic Nervous System .................................................................................................... 38
Sympathetic outflow (Efferent Neuron) ........................................................................................................... 38
Parasympathetic Sacral Nerves ....................................................................................................................... 38
Lecture 8: Skeletal Systems & Bones ...................................................................................................... 39
Skeletal Framework of Body............................................................................................................................ 39
Types of Bones ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Bone Composition .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Structure of a Long Bone ................................................................................................................................. 39
Structure of Flat Bone ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Properties of bone .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Types of Cartilage ........................................................................................................................................... 40
Bone Formation: Ossification .......................................................................................................................... 40
Intramembranous Ossification ........................................................................................................................ 40
Endochondral Ossification Primary Centers ..................................................................................................... 41
Role of Nutrient Artery ................................................................................................................................... 41
Parts of a developing Long Bone...................................................................................................................... 41
Ossification—Secondary Centers ..................................................................................................................... 41
Epiphyseal Growth Plate (disk) ........................................................................................................................ 41
Epiphysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
Acondroplastic Dwarfism ................................................................................................................................ 42
Neurovascular Supply of Bone......................................................................................................................... 42
Fractures ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Lecture 9: Articular System & Joints....................................................................................................... 42
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Types of Joints ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Synovial Joints ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Movement of bones at synovial joints ............................................................................................................. 43
Features of a Synovial Joint ............................................................................................................................. 43
Fibrous Capsule .............................................................................................................................................. 43
, ANAT20006 All Notes 4
Synovial Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 43
Injury to Synovial Membrane .......................................................................................................................... 44
Ligaments....................................................................................................................................................... 44
Ligament Injury .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Labrum (blue, green is ligament) ..................................................................................................................... 44
Disc & Menisci ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Intracapsular Tendon ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Bursae............................................................................................................................................................ 44
Fat Pads (yellow) ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Joint Injury: Dislocation / Subluxation ............................................................................................................. 45
Neurovascular supply of joints ........................................................................................................................ 45
Arthritis & Artificial Joints ............................................................................................................................... 45
Lecture 10: Muscular System and Muscles ............................................................................................. 46
Muscles .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Deep Fascia .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Other Connective Tissues ................................................................................................................................ 47
Tenosynovitis: Infection in Synovial Sheath ..................................................................................................... 47
Muscle Classification based on Shape .............................................................................................................. 47
Movement ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Form of Skeletal Muscle.................................................................................................................................. 48
Names of Muscles .......................................................................................................................................... 48
Muscle Contractions ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Actions of Muscles.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Types of Muscle Injury .................................................................................................................................... 48
Neurovascular Supply of muscle ...................................................................................................................... 48
Lecture 11: Integumental System & Skin ................................................................................................ 49
Integumental System ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Epidermis ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Dermis ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Subcutaneous Tissue ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Superficious Facia ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Body Surface Area & Relaxed Skin Tension Lines .............................................................................................. 50
Skin Appendages & Mucocutaneous Junctions ................................................................................................. 50
Sensory Nerve Fibres in Skin (In Dermis) .......................................................................................................... 50
Dermatomes .................................................................................................................................................. 51
Referred Pain ................................................................................................................................................. 51
Blood Supply of Skin ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Lymph Drainage of Skin .................................................................................................................................. 51
Skin Conditions ............................................................................................................................................... 51
ANAT20006 Principles of Human Structure All Notes
(everything you need to know) 2026 University of Melbourne
Table of Contents
Lecture 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12
Basic Tissue (Four Major Tissues Covered) ....................................................................................................... 12
Major Systems................................................................................................................................................ 12
Terminology ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Lecture 2: Human Embryology 1 (ECTODERM) ....................................................................................... 13
Learning Outcomes ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Congenital Disorders are Existent .................................................................................................................... 13
Periods of Human Embryology ........................................................................................................................ 13
Gastrulation ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Situs Invertus ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Overview of development: .............................................................................................................................. 15
Germ Layer Development ............................................................................................................................... 15
Formation of the Notochord ........................................................................................................................... 16
Formation of the Neural Plate and Neural Tube ............................................................................................... 16
Segmentation of Neural Tube.......................................................................................................................... 17
Development of the skin ................................................................................................................................. 17
Lecture 3: Human Embryology 2 (MESODERM) ...................................................................................... 17
Body Folding .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Mesoderm...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Paraxial mesoderm ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Somitogenesis and Somite Differentiation ....................................................................................................... 18
...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Intermediate Mesoderm ................................................................................................................................. 18
Reproductive System ...................................................................................................................................... 19
,ANAT20006 All Notes 2
Lateral Mesoderm: Development of Cardiovasculature System ........................................................................ 20
Development of the Heart .............................................................................................................................. 21
Lymphagiogenesis........................................................................................................................................... 21
Lecture 4: Human Embryology 3 (ENDODERM) ...................................................................................... 22
Endoderm ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Body Folding .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Allantois ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Development of Gut ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Development of Stomach................................................................................................................................ 24
Development of other endodermal organs ...................................................................................................... 24
Development of the Lung ................................................................................................................................ 24
*The gut and its derivatives ............................................................................................................................ 25
Head structures .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Pharyngeal Arches (Branchial Arches) .............................................................................................................. 26
Primordial Germ Cells (PGC) ............................................................................................................................ 26
Lecture 5: Human Form & Function........................................................................................................ 27
...................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Kingdom Animalia, Features ........................................................................................................................... 27
Superphylum Celomate, Features .................................................................................................................... 27
Phylum Chordata, Features ............................................................................................................................. 27
...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Subphylum Vertebrate, Features ..................................................................................................................... 28
Class Mammalia, Features............................................................................................................................... 28
Order Primate, Features.................................................................................................................................. 28
Family Hominidae, Features ............................................................................................................................ 28
Species Homo Sapiens, Features...................................................................................................................... 29
Lecture 6: Nervous System 1.................................................................................................................. 30
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Anatomical Orientation .................................................................................................................................. 30
Major parts of the Central Nervous System Gyri, Sulci, Fissures ................................................................. 30
The Meninges ................................................................................................................................................. 31
The Meninges and CSF .................................................................................................................................... 31
Four Lobes of the brain ................................................................................................................................... 32
...................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Organisation of the Cerebral Cortex ................................................................................................................ 32
The Brainstem ................................................................................................................................................ 33
The Cortex...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Glia Cells ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
Spinal Cord ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
,ANAT20006 All Notes 3
...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Cauda Equina ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Lumbar Puncture ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Spinal Cord- White Matter Tracts .................................................................................................................... 35
Lecture 7: Nervous System 2.................................................................................................................. 36
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Neurons and Spinal Cord................................................................................................................................. 36
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves ......................................................................................................................... 36
Segmental Innervation.................................................................................................................................... 37
Cranial Nerves ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Somatic Versus Autonomic Nervous System .................................................................................................... 38
Sympathetic outflow (Efferent Neuron) ........................................................................................................... 38
Parasympathetic Sacral Nerves ....................................................................................................................... 38
Lecture 8: Skeletal Systems & Bones ...................................................................................................... 39
Skeletal Framework of Body............................................................................................................................ 39
Types of Bones ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Bone Composition .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Structure of a Long Bone ................................................................................................................................. 39
Structure of Flat Bone ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Properties of bone .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Types of Cartilage ........................................................................................................................................... 40
Bone Formation: Ossification .......................................................................................................................... 40
Intramembranous Ossification ........................................................................................................................ 40
Endochondral Ossification Primary Centers ..................................................................................................... 41
Role of Nutrient Artery ................................................................................................................................... 41
Parts of a developing Long Bone...................................................................................................................... 41
Ossification—Secondary Centers ..................................................................................................................... 41
Epiphyseal Growth Plate (disk) ........................................................................................................................ 41
Epiphysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
Acondroplastic Dwarfism ................................................................................................................................ 42
Neurovascular Supply of Bone......................................................................................................................... 42
Fractures ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Lecture 9: Articular System & Joints....................................................................................................... 42
Key Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Types of Joints ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Synovial Joints ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Movement of bones at synovial joints ............................................................................................................. 43
Features of a Synovial Joint ............................................................................................................................. 43
Fibrous Capsule .............................................................................................................................................. 43
, ANAT20006 All Notes 4
Synovial Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 43
Injury to Synovial Membrane .......................................................................................................................... 44
Ligaments....................................................................................................................................................... 44
Ligament Injury .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Labrum (blue, green is ligament) ..................................................................................................................... 44
Disc & Menisci ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Intracapsular Tendon ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Bursae............................................................................................................................................................ 44
Fat Pads (yellow) ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Joint Injury: Dislocation / Subluxation ............................................................................................................. 45
Neurovascular supply of joints ........................................................................................................................ 45
Arthritis & Artificial Joints ............................................................................................................................... 45
Lecture 10: Muscular System and Muscles ............................................................................................. 46
Muscles .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Deep Fascia .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Other Connective Tissues ................................................................................................................................ 47
Tenosynovitis: Infection in Synovial Sheath ..................................................................................................... 47
Muscle Classification based on Shape .............................................................................................................. 47
Movement ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Form of Skeletal Muscle.................................................................................................................................. 48
Names of Muscles .......................................................................................................................................... 48
Muscle Contractions ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Actions of Muscles.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Types of Muscle Injury .................................................................................................................................... 48
Neurovascular Supply of muscle ...................................................................................................................... 48
Lecture 11: Integumental System & Skin ................................................................................................ 49
Integumental System ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Epidermis ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Dermis ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Subcutaneous Tissue ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Superficious Facia ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Body Surface Area & Relaxed Skin Tension Lines .............................................................................................. 50
Skin Appendages & Mucocutaneous Junctions ................................................................................................. 50
Sensory Nerve Fibres in Skin (In Dermis) .......................................................................................................... 50
Dermatomes .................................................................................................................................................. 51
Referred Pain ................................................................................................................................................. 51
Blood Supply of Skin ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Lymph Drainage of Skin .................................................................................................................................. 51
Skin Conditions ............................................................................................................................................... 51
