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Samenvatting Gynaecologie | KU Leuven | 2025/26

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Samenvatting voor het deel Gynaecologie voor Verloskunde-gynaecologie aan de KU Leuven, gebaseerd op lessen en het boek van Prof. Timmerman, Van Gorp, Froyman, Wildiers en Deprest.

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GYNAECOLOGIE
Prof. Timmerman, Van Gorp, Froyman, Wildiers, Deprest

INHOUDSOPGAVE

inleiding, anatomie, basis gynaecologische ingrepen ...................................................................... 4
Ingrepen............................................................................................................................................... 4

vulvaire pathologie................................................................................................................................ 7
gynatresie / stenose hymen / hematocolpos ....................................................................................... 7
hematoom van de vulva....................................................................................................................... 8
niet-neoplastische vulvaire afwijkingen................................................................................................ 9
condylomata accuminata ................................................................................................................... 10
vulvaire intra-epitheliale neoplasie (V.I.N.) ........................................................................................ 12
squameus vulvacarcinoom ................................................................................................................ 13
andere maligne vulvaire tumoren ...................................................................................................... 15

vagina ................................................................................................................................................... 16
goedaardige vaginaletsels ................................................................................................................. 16
vaginacarcinoom................................................................................................................................ 16

cervix uteri ........................................................................................................................................... 17
goedaardige letsels baarmoederhals................................................................................................. 17
premaligne en maligne letsels baarmoederhals ................................................................................ 19

corpus uteri.......................................................................................................................................... 29
endometrium ...................................................................................................................................... 29
myometrium ....................................................................................................................................... 40
adenomyose ...................................................................................................................................... 44

ovariele tumoren ................................................................................................................................. 45
niet-neoplastische tumoren................................................................................................................ 46
Symptomen, diagnose en behandeling niet-neoplastische + goedaardige neoplastische ovariele
tumoren.............................................................................................................................................. 48
epitheliale ovariumtumoren................................................................................................................ 51
niet-epitheliale ovariumtumoren......................................................................................................... 59

bekkenbodem prolaps ........................................................................................................................ 61



1

, bekkenbodemdysfuncties .................................................................................................................. 61
pathofysiologie ................................................................................................................................... 62
etiologie ............................................................................................................................................. 64
klinisch onderzoek & omschrijving ..................................................................................................... 64
behandeling ....................................................................................................................................... 66

borst ..................................................................................................................................................... 67
anatomie ............................................................................................................................................ 67
fysiologie ............................................................................................................................................ 68
diagnostiek......................................................................................................................................... 69
goedaardige borstproblemen ............................................................................................................. 74
borstkanker ........................................................................................................................................ 81

infecties ................................................................................................................................................ 90
definitie .............................................................................................................................................. 91
inleiding.............................................................................................................................................. 91
seksueel overdraagbare aandoeningen (SOA) ................................................................................. 91
gynaecologische infecties .................................................................................................................. 97

endometriose ..................................................................................................................................... 107
definitie ............................................................................................................................................ 107
pathogenese van endometriose ...................................................................................................... 107
prevalentie ....................................................................................................................................... 108
diagnose endometriose ................................................................................................................... 109
spontane evolutie............................................................................................................................. 112
behandeling endometriose .............................................................................................................. 112
medisch begeleide bevruchting ....................................................................................................... 113

anticonceptie ..................................................................................................................................... 113
anticonceptieve nood ....................................................................................................................... 113
overzicht methoden anticonceptie ................................................................................................... 114
de anticonceptieve werkzaamheid – methodologie ......................................................................... 114
natuurlijke familieplanning (NFP) ..................................................................................................... 115
coitusgebonden methoden .............................................................................................................. 117
intrauteriene apparaten.................................................................................................................... 118
hormonale anticonceptie.................................................................................................................. 122
definitieve anticonceptie (sterilisatie) ............................................................................................... 132
postcoitale anticonceptie, emergency contraception (EC)............................................................... 133
abortus arte provocatus (AAP) ........................................................................................................ 134



2

,endocrinologie................................................................................................................................... 137
hyperandrogenisme in de reproductieve periode ............................................................................ 137
oestrogenentekort in de reproductieve periode – menopauze – cyclussuppressie ......................... 145
klinische aspecten van prostagenen................................................................................................ 157

subfertiliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 161
omschrijving en definities................................................................................................................. 161
factoren van normale fertiliteit.......................................................................................................... 162
prevalentie van subfertiliteit ............................................................................................................. 163
oorzaken van subfertiliteit ................................................................................................................ 163
fertiliteitsdiagnostiek ........................................................................................................................ 164
therapeutische mogelijkheden ......................................................................................................... 168

trofoblastische aandoeningen ......................................................................................................... 173
mola hydatidiformis (goedaardig) .................................................................................................... 173
placental-site trofoblasttumor........................................................................................................... 175
maligne trofoblastziekten (vb choriocarcinoma) .............................................................................. 175

ectopische zwangerschap ................................................................................................................ 176
definitie ............................................................................................................................................ 176
prevalentie ....................................................................................................................................... 176
pathogenese en risicofactoren......................................................................................................... 176
diagnose .......................................................................................................................................... 177
klinisch onderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 177
behandeling ..................................................................................................................................... 179

miskraam............................................................................................................................................ 181
beschrijving ...................................................................................................................................... 181
herhaald miskraam .......................................................................................................................... 187

abnormaal uterien bloedverlies ....................................................................................................... 191
definities........................................................................................................................................... 191
inleiding............................................................................................................................................ 193
methodologische aspecten .............................................................................................................. 194
anamnese ........................................................................................................................................ 194
onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................ 195
behandeling AUB ............................................................................................................................. 199
complicaties ..................................................................................................................................... 200
klinisch college AUB ........................................................................................................................ 200




3

,bekkenbodempijn .............................................................................................................................. 201
anatomie – innervatie genitale tractus ............................................................................................. 202
symptomen ...................................................................................................................................... 202
onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................ 203
acute pelviene pijn ........................................................................................................................... 204
chronische pelviene pijn .................................................................................................................. 208

pelviene massa’s : beeldvorming .................................................................................................... 214
algemeen ......................................................................................................................................... 214
conclusie .......................................................................................................................................... 219

propedeutica en vaardigheden ........................................................................................................ 219




INLEIDING, ANATOMIE, BASIS GYNAECOLOGISCHE INGREPEN

Anatomie

- Externe uretrale orifice
o Goed zichtbaar meestal
- Kleine labia
o Als je deze spreidt zie je vestibulum
- Grote labia
- Vestibulum
o Normaal : mucosa niet felrood
o Als felrood à kan wijzen op infectie
o Kijken naar letsels, leukorree (afscheiding)
- Klieren van bartholin
o Niet goed zichtbaar
o Onder grote labia
o Als verstopt afvoerkanaaltje à zwelling à ontsteking en abces
§ Pijn !!
§ Abces van bartholin
- …

INGREPEN

Curettage (D&C)



4

, - D = dilatatie ; C = curettage
- Meest gebruikte ingreep
- D&C voor weefsel weg te nemen à nu nog zelden
o Enkel bij endometrium Ca
o Aantasting cervicale kanaal nagaan
o = blinde procedure à risico op perforatie en missen letsel
- Nu voorzichtige dilatatie cervicale kanaal en wegname weefsel
o Meestal echografisch
o Geen curettage nodig

Endometriumbiopsie

- Pipelle de cornier
- = beter, minder kans perforatie
- Veel gebruikt
- = plastic en soepel
- Op einde : puntje waarmee vacuum creeren à endometriumweefsel opzuigen
- Bij abnormaal bloedverlies, verdikt endometrium, infertiliteit,…
- Pijnscore : gemiddeld 5-6/10

Ambulante hysteroscopie

- Bij dun endometrium
o geen staal mogelijk met pipet
- heel fijne scoop
- baarmoeder beoordelen
- geen interventies mogelijk
- risico op verspreiden kwaadaardige cellen naar buikholte
o liever niet bij verdenken endometriumCa

Operatieve hysteroscopie

- veel efficienter
- wel interventies mogelijk
- verschillende delen
o camera
o lichtkabel
o vochtaanvor en afvoer
o elektrische kabel à coagulatie en snijden
- onder algemene narcose


5

, - snelle behandeling van vb kleine poliep
- niet bij endometriumCa
- in baarmoederholte kijken à altijd ostia bekijken

Laparoscopie

- ook veel gebruikt
- kijkbuis via navel meestal
- bijna nooit open chirurgie
- bijkholte bekijken, hysterectomie of myomectomie doen, endometriose
behandeling,…

Laparotomie

- lage transversale incisie
o vb keizersnedes
o vb hysterectomies
§ subtotaal
• corpus weghalen
• zeldzaam
§ totaal
• corpus – cervix weghalen
§ radicaal
• corpus – cervix – parametria weghalen
• ovaria blijft zitten
o vb salpingo-ooforectomie
§ weghalen eierstokken
§ kan met of zonder hysterectomie
§ kan unilateraal of bilateraal
o vb Wertheim-Meigs
§ radicale hysterectomie met bilaterale salpingo ooforectomie
§ vb bij baarmoederhalskanker
- verticale incisie
o indien hoger in buikholte problemen
o vb aangetaste klieren
o esthetisch niet mooi, enkel indien noodzakelijk

Robot-geassisteerde chirurgie




6

, - minimaal invasief
- articuleren achter organen
- vlotter werk mogelijk
- complexere ingrepen mogelijk
- 3D zicht ipv 2D bij laparotomie

vNOTES

- Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
- Alles via schede, natuurlijke opening
- Kleine snede in fornix posterior
- Ook hysterectomie en/of salpingo-ooforectomie mogelijk

VULVAIRE PATHOLOGIE


GYNATRESIE / STENOSE HYMEN / HEMATOCOLPOS

Gynatresie = toestanden die gepaard gaan met afsluiting genitale tractus, op eender welk
niveau
à kan verworven of congenitaal




INDELING GYNATRESIE

Congenitaal thv

- Hymen
- Cervix
- Vagina

à meest freq congenitaal = stenose hymen



Verworven thv cervix, tgv

- Seniele genitale atrofie
- Maligne aandoeningen
- RT / cauterisatie
- HK ingrepen


STENOSE VH HYMEN



7

,Diagnose meestal pas NA menarche

Symptomen

- Te wijten aan opstapeling menstrueel bloed
- Onderbuikspijn à bij elke cyclus meer uitgesproken
- Uitzetting cavum uteri à palpabele massa in onderbuik
- Distentie blaas tgv urineretentie



Gevolgen

- Accumulatie bloed à distentie vagina (hematocolpos)
o Distentie cervix, cavum uteri (hematometra)
o Ten slotte tubae (hematosalpinx)



Behandeling

- Incisie of excisie hymen
- Trage evacuatie bloed
o Strikt aseptische omstandigheden



HEMATOOM VAN DE VULVA

Oorzaken

- Traumatisch
- Heelkunde : herstel operaties
- Episiotomie
- Ruptuur perineum



Symptomen

- Uitgesproken pijn
o Ernst afh van hoeveelheid opgestapeld bloed
- Reflexmatige inhibitie mictie en/of defecatie



Behandeling



8

, - Klein hematoom à spontane resorptie
- Groot hematoom à extirperen



NIET-NEOPLASTISCHE VULVAIRE AFWIJKINGEN


LICHEN SCLEROSUS

= huidziekte, komt vooral thv vulva en peri-anaal, gekenmerkt door verschrompeling,
verdroging en lichenificatie vd huid



Diagnose

- Macroscopisch
o Dunne, wit-bleke huid
o Verdwenen pigmentatie en haargroei
o Atrofie labia : introitus vaginae vernauwd
- Klachten
o Jeuk
o Dyspareunie, dysurie
o Secundaire infectie (krabletsels)
- Vulvoscopie + colposcoop + biopsie
- Risico op carcinoom vh plaveiselepitheel = hoger dan nl
o Jaarlijks grondige inspectie nodig



Differentieel diagnose

- Infecties
- Vulvaire intra-epitheliale neoplasie
- Allergische reacties
o Vrij freq op condoom
o Zeep
o Wasproducten
o Parfums
o …



Behandeling


9

, - Corticoide continue therapie (lokaal)
o Verlagen incidentie vulva Ca
o Meest efficient tegen jeuk
o Best sterke en continue lokale CS !
§ Vb dagelijks betamethasone of clobetasol




SUQAMEUZE HYPERPLASIE (LEUKOPLAKIE)

Uitzicht

- Wit verheven letseltje
- Cave (pre)maligniteit à biopsie



Behandeling

- Zwakkere corticoide creme
- Vb locoid, advantan




ANDERE DERMATOSE

- Psoriasis
- Lichen planus
- …



CONDYLOMATA ACCUMINATA

Uitzicht

- Wratten thv vulva, vagina, perineum, anaal, cervicaal
- Meestal door HPV type 6 en 11



Overdracht

- Venerische ziekte
- Incubatietijd variabel van 3-6m




10

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