GMS 6530 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ what are general characteristics of the GPCR receptors (7TM). Answer:
have 7 trans-membrane segments
domain at the 5,6 cytoplasmic loop to bind G proteins
C-terminal region binds intracellular proteins
over 1,000 members in the GPCR family
▶ which side of the GPCR is in the extracellular fluid. Answer: N-terminus
▶ which side of the GPCR is in the intracellular fluid. Answer: C-terminus
▶ what are the different types of GPCR receptors. Answer: adrenergic
receptors
muscarinic receptors
peptide/glycoprotein receptors
calcium receptors
▶ what uses adrenergic receptors. Answer: epinephrine
norepinephrine
▶ what uses muscarinic receptors. Answer: acetylcholine
▶ what uses peptide/glycoprotein receptors. Answer: vasopressin (ADH)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
angiotensin II
somatostatin
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
▶ what are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors. Answer: alpha 1 and 2
, beta 1, 2, and 3
▶ what are the subtypes of vasopressin receptors. Answer: V1 and V2
▶ what governs specificity of hormone receptors. Answer: the structure of
the hormone or transmitter
allows a specific hormone to exert a precise action on a target cell
▶ what does GEF stand for. Answer: guanine nucleotide exchange factor
facilitate dissociation of GDP and binding of GTP
▶ where are the receptors for lipid soluble steroids, thyroid hormones, or
vitamin D metabolites located. Answer: inside target cells, in cytosol or
nucleus
▶ what are the 2 parts of the nervous system. Answer: central nervous
system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
▶ what are the parts of the central nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
▶ what are the 2 major cell types in the CNS. Answer: neurons
glia
▶ how do neurons communicate in the CNS. Answer: by action potential
and neurotransmitter release
▶ what are glia cells. Answer: support cells in the CNS
▶ what are the two components of glia cells. Answer: nuclei
tracts or pathways
▶ what are nuclei in the glia cells. Answer: groups of neuronal cell bodies
in the CNS
▶ what are tract or pathways in glia cells. Answer: groups of axons
traveling together in CNS
AND COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
▶ what are general characteristics of the GPCR receptors (7TM). Answer:
have 7 trans-membrane segments
domain at the 5,6 cytoplasmic loop to bind G proteins
C-terminal region binds intracellular proteins
over 1,000 members in the GPCR family
▶ which side of the GPCR is in the extracellular fluid. Answer: N-terminus
▶ which side of the GPCR is in the intracellular fluid. Answer: C-terminus
▶ what are the different types of GPCR receptors. Answer: adrenergic
receptors
muscarinic receptors
peptide/glycoprotein receptors
calcium receptors
▶ what uses adrenergic receptors. Answer: epinephrine
norepinephrine
▶ what uses muscarinic receptors. Answer: acetylcholine
▶ what uses peptide/glycoprotein receptors. Answer: vasopressin (ADH)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
angiotensin II
somatostatin
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
▶ what are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors. Answer: alpha 1 and 2
, beta 1, 2, and 3
▶ what are the subtypes of vasopressin receptors. Answer: V1 and V2
▶ what governs specificity of hormone receptors. Answer: the structure of
the hormone or transmitter
allows a specific hormone to exert a precise action on a target cell
▶ what does GEF stand for. Answer: guanine nucleotide exchange factor
facilitate dissociation of GDP and binding of GTP
▶ where are the receptors for lipid soluble steroids, thyroid hormones, or
vitamin D metabolites located. Answer: inside target cells, in cytosol or
nucleus
▶ what are the 2 parts of the nervous system. Answer: central nervous
system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
▶ what are the parts of the central nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
▶ what are the 2 major cell types in the CNS. Answer: neurons
glia
▶ how do neurons communicate in the CNS. Answer: by action potential
and neurotransmitter release
▶ what are glia cells. Answer: support cells in the CNS
▶ what are the two components of glia cells. Answer: nuclei
tracts or pathways
▶ what are nuclei in the glia cells. Answer: groups of neuronal cell bodies
in the CNS
▶ what are tract or pathways in glia cells. Answer: groups of axons
traveling together in CNS
