BYU GEOL 109 EXAM 2026 FINAL PAPER
DELIVERING FULLY SOLVED CONTENT
◉Percent water in: Oceans, Icecaps and Glaciers, Groundwater,
Rivers and Lakes, and Atmosphere. Answer: Oceans - 97.54
Icecaps and Glaciers - 1.81
Groundwater - 0.63
Rivers and Lakes - 0.016
Atmosphere - 0.001
◉[DDEEF] (5) River system dynamics: 1. Answer: Rivers are well
organized systems that occupy a drainage basin.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 2. Answer: Rivers are systems in
dynamic equilibrium.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 3. Answer: The river's equilibrium and
its ability to do geological work are dependent upon several
interdependent variables (velocity, discharge, gradient, sediment
load, and base level).
,◉(5) River system dynamics: 4. Answer: Rivers alter the landscape
by eroding rock and sediment.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 5. Answer: Flooding is the most deadly
geological hazard.
◉Mass wasting. Answer: The transfer of rock and soil downslope by
direct action of gravity without a flowing medium (such as water or
ice).
◉Factors controlling landslides [SPOACV]. Answer: 1. Steepness of
slope (angle of repose)
2. Presence of liquids (too much --collapse, to dry -- no cohesion)
3. Orientation (of planes of weakness)
4. Amount of loose sediment
5. Climatic factors (ice, water, precicpation)
6. Vegetation (fires)
◉Triggering mechanisms [PEH]. Answer: Precipitation
Earthquakes
Humans
◉define creep landslides. Answer: slowest (1-10 mm/yr)
,--caused by heavy precipitation and Solifluction (creep that occurs in
permafrost. Melting of soil water occurs from the surface down).
◉define slump landslides. Answer: 2nd slowest
Relatively slow movement of a coherent to semi-coherent block that
slides on a failure surface (usually curved or spoon-shaped). The
exposed upslope failure surface exposes a head scarp. The deformed
downslope portion of the slump is called the "toe."
--"Debris flow" mixtures of water, mud, and rock. Its a liquefied flow.
◉Collecting system. Answer: The top leafy part of the system.
○ Steep slopes
○ Comprised of tributaries
○ Collects water and sediment
○ Erosion is the dominant process
◉Transport system. Answer: Middle narrower section of system.
○ Low gradient slopes
, ○ Comprised of main trunk stream
○ Transports water and sediment
○ No net deposition or erosion
◉Dispersal System. Answer: ○ Comprised of distributaries
○ Deposition is dominant process
○ Produces deltas and alluvial fans
◉Delta vs. Alluvial Fan. Answer: Delta - fan-shaped deposition of
water.
Alluvial fan - dry fan-shaped deposition of minerals
◉Drainage divide vs. Drainage Basin. Answer: The divide simply
separates drainage basins, often in the form of hills or mountains.
Drainage basins are an area of land where surface water from rain,
melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation,
usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another
waterbody
◉5 controlling Factors [DVGSB]. Answer: Discharge
Velocity
DELIVERING FULLY SOLVED CONTENT
◉Percent water in: Oceans, Icecaps and Glaciers, Groundwater,
Rivers and Lakes, and Atmosphere. Answer: Oceans - 97.54
Icecaps and Glaciers - 1.81
Groundwater - 0.63
Rivers and Lakes - 0.016
Atmosphere - 0.001
◉[DDEEF] (5) River system dynamics: 1. Answer: Rivers are well
organized systems that occupy a drainage basin.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 2. Answer: Rivers are systems in
dynamic equilibrium.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 3. Answer: The river's equilibrium and
its ability to do geological work are dependent upon several
interdependent variables (velocity, discharge, gradient, sediment
load, and base level).
,◉(5) River system dynamics: 4. Answer: Rivers alter the landscape
by eroding rock and sediment.
◉(5) River system dynamics: 5. Answer: Flooding is the most deadly
geological hazard.
◉Mass wasting. Answer: The transfer of rock and soil downslope by
direct action of gravity without a flowing medium (such as water or
ice).
◉Factors controlling landslides [SPOACV]. Answer: 1. Steepness of
slope (angle of repose)
2. Presence of liquids (too much --collapse, to dry -- no cohesion)
3. Orientation (of planes of weakness)
4. Amount of loose sediment
5. Climatic factors (ice, water, precicpation)
6. Vegetation (fires)
◉Triggering mechanisms [PEH]. Answer: Precipitation
Earthquakes
Humans
◉define creep landslides. Answer: slowest (1-10 mm/yr)
,--caused by heavy precipitation and Solifluction (creep that occurs in
permafrost. Melting of soil water occurs from the surface down).
◉define slump landslides. Answer: 2nd slowest
Relatively slow movement of a coherent to semi-coherent block that
slides on a failure surface (usually curved or spoon-shaped). The
exposed upslope failure surface exposes a head scarp. The deformed
downslope portion of the slump is called the "toe."
--"Debris flow" mixtures of water, mud, and rock. Its a liquefied flow.
◉Collecting system. Answer: The top leafy part of the system.
○ Steep slopes
○ Comprised of tributaries
○ Collects water and sediment
○ Erosion is the dominant process
◉Transport system. Answer: Middle narrower section of system.
○ Low gradient slopes
, ○ Comprised of main trunk stream
○ Transports water and sediment
○ No net deposition or erosion
◉Dispersal System. Answer: ○ Comprised of distributaries
○ Deposition is dominant process
○ Produces deltas and alluvial fans
◉Delta vs. Alluvial Fan. Answer: Delta - fan-shaped deposition of
water.
Alluvial fan - dry fan-shaped deposition of minerals
◉Drainage divide vs. Drainage Basin. Answer: The divide simply
separates drainage basins, often in the form of hills or mountains.
Drainage basins are an area of land where surface water from rain,
melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation,
usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another
waterbody
◉5 controlling Factors [DVGSB]. Answer: Discharge
Velocity
