HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | 2026
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eukaryotes - (answer)-organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
organelles: nucleus - (answer)contains DNA and RNA
organelles: ribosomes - (answer)synthesize polypeptides and proteins from RNA
organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum - (answer)-contains ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (answer)-synthesize lipids and steroid hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
organelles: golgi apparatus - (answer)transport proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharide
molecules within the cell
,organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes - (answer)lysosome: functions is intracellular digestion
and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
organelles: mitochondria - (answer)-cellular respiration and energy production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
cytoplasm - (answer)-contains cytosol
-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of excess nutrients
plasma membrane: diffusion - (answer)solute molecules from high to low concentration
plama membrane: osmosis - (answer)water from low solute concentration to high solute
concentration
cell to cell adhesions: tissues - (answer)connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous tissue
cellular injury- hypoxia - (answer)lack of oxygen
,hypoxia: ischemia - (answer)lack of blood supply; most common type of hypoxia
hypoxia- asphyxiation - (answer)-injury due to cells not being able to use or receive oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning - (answer)binds to hemoglobin and prevents the
transportation of oxygen around the body
free radicals - (answer)-loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind to anything (proteins, lipids,
RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the cell
reactive oxygen species (ros) - (answer)-formed during mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
toxic chemicals - (answer)-air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-ethanol
, environmental protection agencies - (answer)carbon monoxide, particle pollution, ozone, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning - (answer)-toxicity affects central and peripheral nervous system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol - (answer)-major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to - (answer)-invade and
destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
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eukaryotes - (answer)-organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
organelles: nucleus - (answer)contains DNA and RNA
organelles: ribosomes - (answer)synthesize polypeptides and proteins from RNA
organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum - (answer)-contains ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (answer)-synthesize lipids and steroid hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
organelles: golgi apparatus - (answer)transport proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharide
molecules within the cell
,organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes - (answer)lysosome: functions is intracellular digestion
and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
organelles: mitochondria - (answer)-cellular respiration and energy production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
cytoplasm - (answer)-contains cytosol
-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of excess nutrients
plasma membrane: diffusion - (answer)solute molecules from high to low concentration
plama membrane: osmosis - (answer)water from low solute concentration to high solute
concentration
cell to cell adhesions: tissues - (answer)connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous tissue
cellular injury- hypoxia - (answer)lack of oxygen
,hypoxia: ischemia - (answer)lack of blood supply; most common type of hypoxia
hypoxia- asphyxiation - (answer)-injury due to cells not being able to use or receive oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning - (answer)binds to hemoglobin and prevents the
transportation of oxygen around the body
free radicals - (answer)-loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind to anything (proteins, lipids,
RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the cell
reactive oxygen species (ros) - (answer)-formed during mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
toxic chemicals - (answer)-air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-ethanol
, environmental protection agencies - (answer)carbon monoxide, particle pollution, ozone, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning - (answer)-toxicity affects central and peripheral nervous system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol - (answer)-major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to - (answer)-invade and
destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
