NAGELHOUT CHAPTER 15 CHEMISTRY AND
PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS
◉ Compounds. Answer: Molecules that contain more than one element
◉ Molecule. Answer: Two or more atoms held together by covalent
bonds.
◉ Solutes. Answer: substance dissolved in a solution
◉ solvent (n). Answer: substance, usually liquid, able to dissolve
another substance (water, ethanol, acetone)
◉ Solutions. Answer: Homogeneous mixtures; Two or more substances
◉ ionic bond. Answer: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction
between oppositely charged ions. One metal and one non-metal
(compounds are NOT molecules).
◉ functional groups. Answer: the components of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
,◉ amine group. Answer: the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino
acid -NH2
◉ Alcohol group. Answer: -OH
◉ Ether general formula. Answer: R-O-R
◉ Henry's law. Answer: At constant temperature, the amount of gas
dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at
equilibrium
⬆️ Pressure = ⬆️gas molecule dissolved into a liquid
⬆️Temperature = ⬇️ solubility (fewer molecules dissolved into
solution)
◉ Henry's Law: Pressure and Solubility. Answer: As pressure increases;
Solubility increases; (forcing molecules into the solution)
◉ Temperature and Solubility. Answer: As temperature increases the
Solubility of a substance decreases
◉ N2O contraindications. Answer: Due to the high solubility of N2O
Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures
Obstructed bowel
Pneumothorax
, ◉ partial pressure. Answer: the contribution each gas in a mixture of
gases makes to the total pressure; Also known as Tension
◉ Permeability coefficient. Answer: Value for the permeability of a
substance; The smaller the number the less permeable (or slower to
move through membrane)
◉ Ions with increased extracellular concentrations:. Answer: Na+;
Ca++; Cl-
◉ Ions with increased intracellular concentrations. Answer: K+; Mg
(also Proteins; Amino Acids; Phosphates)
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration (DOWN concentration
gradient); NO additional energy required; Kinetic energy).
◉ Simple diffusion. Answer: diffusion of a solute through a membrane
WITHOUT carrier protein (however, possibly with a channel PRO); NO
energy required. (Think Lipid-soluble molecules)
◉ Diffusion Proteins. Answer: Channel- open channel simple diffusion;
No limitations
Carrier - bonds to PRO for passage -facilitated diffusion; Limited by the
VMax of carrier protein
PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS
◉ Compounds. Answer: Molecules that contain more than one element
◉ Molecule. Answer: Two or more atoms held together by covalent
bonds.
◉ Solutes. Answer: substance dissolved in a solution
◉ solvent (n). Answer: substance, usually liquid, able to dissolve
another substance (water, ethanol, acetone)
◉ Solutions. Answer: Homogeneous mixtures; Two or more substances
◉ ionic bond. Answer: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction
between oppositely charged ions. One metal and one non-metal
(compounds are NOT molecules).
◉ functional groups. Answer: the components of organic molecules that
are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
,◉ amine group. Answer: the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino
acid -NH2
◉ Alcohol group. Answer: -OH
◉ Ether general formula. Answer: R-O-R
◉ Henry's law. Answer: At constant temperature, the amount of gas
dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at
equilibrium
⬆️ Pressure = ⬆️gas molecule dissolved into a liquid
⬆️Temperature = ⬇️ solubility (fewer molecules dissolved into
solution)
◉ Henry's Law: Pressure and Solubility. Answer: As pressure increases;
Solubility increases; (forcing molecules into the solution)
◉ Temperature and Solubility. Answer: As temperature increases the
Solubility of a substance decreases
◉ N2O contraindications. Answer: Due to the high solubility of N2O
Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures
Obstructed bowel
Pneumothorax
, ◉ partial pressure. Answer: the contribution each gas in a mixture of
gases makes to the total pressure; Also known as Tension
◉ Permeability coefficient. Answer: Value for the permeability of a
substance; The smaller the number the less permeable (or slower to
move through membrane)
◉ Ions with increased extracellular concentrations:. Answer: Na+;
Ca++; Cl-
◉ Ions with increased intracellular concentrations. Answer: K+; Mg
(also Proteins; Amino Acids; Phosphates)
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration (DOWN concentration
gradient); NO additional energy required; Kinetic energy).
◉ Simple diffusion. Answer: diffusion of a solute through a membrane
WITHOUT carrier protein (however, possibly with a channel PRO); NO
energy required. (Think Lipid-soluble molecules)
◉ Diffusion Proteins. Answer: Channel- open channel simple diffusion;
No limitations
Carrier - bonds to PRO for passage -facilitated diffusion; Limited by the
VMax of carrier protein
