NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Module 4,
EXAM 1
Study Guide
Chapters: 1,2,3,12,13,14
Exam Guidelines: 50 questions in 75 min = 1.5 minutes per question. Respondus Lockdown Browser is required, make
sure the browser is functional before the exam. Study guide material should be obtained from the textbook, use the
lecture as a chapter overview. Call IT if needed or email for proof of issue .
The following are Key Concepts covered on Exam 1.
1. Define a symptom: Clinical manifestations that are described by the patient.
2. Describe homeostasis: Human body requires a delicate balance to function optimally. The body continuously
employs strategies to maintain this balance. Self regulating give and take system that responds to minor changes in
the body through compensation mechanisms.
3. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla during times of stress. Released during the alarm phase of the
general adaptation syndrome.
●
4. Epinephrine is released during a stress response
5. Know the function of mitochondria Generate the energy of cells (ATP) and cellular respiration. Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
6. Know the effective of the RAAS system – vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure. Aldosterone is primarily
regulated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which is normally activated in times of decreased renal
perfusion (e.g., hypotension, hypovolemia, and shock). The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in the kidneys is
another vital control and compensatory mechanism that becomes activated when renal blood flow is decreased, as is
often the case in hypotensive states. When renal blood flow decreases, renin is released from the kidneys, activating
angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor), and stimulating aldosterone secretion. In
hypotensive states, this mechanism raises blood pressure and maintains the blood supply to vital organs. In chronic
disease states such as hypertension, this mechanism is inappropriately activated because of vasoconstriction to the
kidneys, further contributing to the hypertension.
7. Define hyperplasia An enlargement of tissues due to an increasing of reproductive rate of it’s cell
8. Be able to apply the concept of homeostasis Positive and negative feedbacks
9. Know the function of endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth: lipid metabolism/ Rough:contain ribosome (site of the
,synthesis and transport Protein))
10. Know the function of hormone renin activate angiotensin I and stimulate aldosterone secretion
11. Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema
12. What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? Sweat, urinate, talking
13. What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? Calcium
14. Know the symptoms of dehydration Thirst, oliguria, headache, dry skin, poor skin turgor
15. Define osmosis Water/fluid movement (Pull) Passive transport
16. Know the clinical manifestations of fluid excess Edema, swelling around eyes, hypertension, rapid weight gain,
polyuria,
17. Extracellular fluid contains higher levels of these 2 electrolytes? Sodium, Chloride
18. Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? Potassium, Magnesium
19. Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? Vomiting, diarrhea, burn, open wound, excessive sweat
20. Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? Rapid Brain swollen (coma or death)
21. Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? Ca+
22. Know the normal lab value range for potassium(3.5-5.0), sodium(135-145), calcium (8.5-10.9)/what happens
to the body when outside this range?
23. Know ABGs
24. Know cause of metabolic alkalosis Excessive Bicarbonate (HCO3) or deficit of acid or both
25. Define active transport Energy needed (low to high)
26. Define hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions
Hypertonic: Edema, Hypotension (mo
Hypotonic: Dehydrated
Isotonic : body works the way it needed
27. An imbalance of this ion causes an imbalance in acid and bases H+
28. Know Chvostek’s sign and cause hypocalcemia
29. High fluid loss occurs via which body system? Renal system
30. Know the clinical manifestations of cellulitis Swollen, warm, tender, fever. Pathogen invaded through a break skin
31. Know passive immunity (natural: mom to child; Artificial: rabies shot) Antibodies that made outside of the body
32. Know the effect of histamine on the body Released by Mast cell, triggers inflammatory response, increases
permeability capillary( engage foreign invaders in the infected tissue) Vasodilation
33. Know what macrophages do Phagocytize ( engulf and digest microorganism, clear out debris and dead cells,
stimulate other cells involved in immune function)
,34. Basophils are in high concentration during an allergic reaction
35. Know the importance of hand washing
36. Increased capillary permeability is a clinical manifestation of a sprain
37. This cell creates antibodies B-cell
38. What immunoglobulin is most abundant and responsible for eating bacteria? IgG
39. Know the clinical manifestations of the inflammatory system? Swollen, Heat, Redness, Pain
40. Define the function of interferons (protein) Stop spreading of virus to infected cells
41. This organ is the first barrier to microbes and pathogens Skin
42. Know the iconic presentation of SLE (Lupus) butterfly rash on cheeks
43. Know the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis bilateral effect, limited joints ROM, joints deformities, morning
stiffness
44. Know the outcome of elevated eosinophils (WBC) allergy reaction
45. Know the outcome of elevated neutrophils (WBC) fighting an infection or pathogen.
46. Know the role of mast cells Vasodilation, increase permeability, triggers inflammatory response
47. Define active immunity and be able to apply Antibodies made inside the body (natural: chickenpox, Artificial: Flu)
48. Know cell type associated with adaptive immunity B-cell and T-cell
49. IgA antibodies are secreted by what in the human body? Respiratory tract membrane, gastrointestinal tract
membrane, mucus, saliva, tears.
50. Know which patient population would be most at risk for opportunistic infection? HIV
(immunodeficiency)
51. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type I hypersensitivity and action,
examples? IgE (asthma)
52. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type II hypersensitivity and action,
Examples? IgG IgM (blood transfusion reactions)
53. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type III hypersensitivity and action,
examples? IgG (lupus)
54. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity and action,
examples? T-cell (transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis)
55. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) and
action examples? T-cell
56. What lab tests measure inflammation? CRP
, 57. Know the complications of stress anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infections, and cardiovascular disease
58. Examples of the body's adaptive immune response Immature T-cell becomes Cytotoxic T-cell to fight infection;
Immature B-Cell becomes plasma cell and produces antibodies and neutralizes specific antigen.
59. Examples of passive immunity Natural:Mother to child during breastfeeding; Artificial : Rabies Shot
60. Examples of artificial adaptive immunity
61. These cells are invaded by HIV and can lead to AIDS Helper T-Cell
62. Describing cachexia is wasting syndrome, abnormal thinness, and weakness. Muscles wasting, loss of body fat.
63. Know the properties of cancer cells No growth control, immortal, protected from Apoptosis, Error in DNA, depends
on Glycolysis.
64. Define metastasis spread of cancer cell from the origin to other area
65. Know the 3 steps of carcinogenesis Phase I: Initiation, Phase II: Promotion(Mutation), Phase III: progressive
(Metastasis)
66. Define anaplastic cells Cells that have lost their specialized features
67. This tool is used to screen for breast cancer Mammogram
68. What do you do with a colon screen? Colonoscopy to detect changes or abnormalities inside the entire colon
69. Define neoplasia New-Abnormal growth tissue /often cancer (Neoplasm:Tumor)
70. What causes contact dermatitis?(an acute inflammatory reaction) Directly exposure to irritants or allergen-
producing substances
71. Know presentation of scabies Intensive itch (pruritic) worse at night
72. This hypersensitivity reaction results in urticaria (Hives) Type I hypersensitivity reaction
73. These cells undergo rapid proliferation in psoriasis patients Keratinocytes under Proliferation
74. Define ALL burn types and be able to differentiate among them
1st Superficial ( Epidermis)
2nd Partial thickness (dermis and epidermis)
3rd Full thickness (dermis+epidermis+hypodermis)
75. Know the etiology of hemangiomas (Strawberries) blood vessels don’t form properly
76. Know food source for lice Blood (human blood)
77. Know the clinical manifestations of tinea fungus Itchy,burning, circular erythematous rash
78. Which bacteria type is associated with skin infections? “Strep” and “staph”
79. Know the clinical manifestations of shingles (Herpes Zoster) Pain, vesicular rash, pruritus, affects nerve
80. Know the ABCDs of skin infection
A-Asymmetrical
EXAM 1
Study Guide
Chapters: 1,2,3,12,13,14
Exam Guidelines: 50 questions in 75 min = 1.5 minutes per question. Respondus Lockdown Browser is required, make
sure the browser is functional before the exam. Study guide material should be obtained from the textbook, use the
lecture as a chapter overview. Call IT if needed or email for proof of issue .
The following are Key Concepts covered on Exam 1.
1. Define a symptom: Clinical manifestations that are described by the patient.
2. Describe homeostasis: Human body requires a delicate balance to function optimally. The body continuously
employs strategies to maintain this balance. Self regulating give and take system that responds to minor changes in
the body through compensation mechanisms.
3. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla during times of stress. Released during the alarm phase of the
general adaptation syndrome.
●
4. Epinephrine is released during a stress response
5. Know the function of mitochondria Generate the energy of cells (ATP) and cellular respiration. Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
6. Know the effective of the RAAS system – vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure. Aldosterone is primarily
regulated by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which is normally activated in times of decreased renal
perfusion (e.g., hypotension, hypovolemia, and shock). The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in the kidneys is
another vital control and compensatory mechanism that becomes activated when renal blood flow is decreased, as is
often the case in hypotensive states. When renal blood flow decreases, renin is released from the kidneys, activating
angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor), and stimulating aldosterone secretion. In
hypotensive states, this mechanism raises blood pressure and maintains the blood supply to vital organs. In chronic
disease states such as hypertension, this mechanism is inappropriately activated because of vasoconstriction to the
kidneys, further contributing to the hypertension.
7. Define hyperplasia An enlargement of tissues due to an increasing of reproductive rate of it’s cell
8. Be able to apply the concept of homeostasis Positive and negative feedbacks
9. Know the function of endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth: lipid metabolism/ Rough:contain ribosome (site of the
,synthesis and transport Protein))
10. Know the function of hormone renin activate angiotensin I and stimulate aldosterone secretion
11. Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema
12. What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? Sweat, urinate, talking
13. What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? Calcium
14. Know the symptoms of dehydration Thirst, oliguria, headache, dry skin, poor skin turgor
15. Define osmosis Water/fluid movement (Pull) Passive transport
16. Know the clinical manifestations of fluid excess Edema, swelling around eyes, hypertension, rapid weight gain,
polyuria,
17. Extracellular fluid contains higher levels of these 2 electrolytes? Sodium, Chloride
18. Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? Potassium, Magnesium
19. Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? Vomiting, diarrhea, burn, open wound, excessive sweat
20. Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? Rapid Brain swollen (coma or death)
21. Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? Ca+
22. Know the normal lab value range for potassium(3.5-5.0), sodium(135-145), calcium (8.5-10.9)/what happens
to the body when outside this range?
23. Know ABGs
24. Know cause of metabolic alkalosis Excessive Bicarbonate (HCO3) or deficit of acid or both
25. Define active transport Energy needed (low to high)
26. Define hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions
Hypertonic: Edema, Hypotension (mo
Hypotonic: Dehydrated
Isotonic : body works the way it needed
27. An imbalance of this ion causes an imbalance in acid and bases H+
28. Know Chvostek’s sign and cause hypocalcemia
29. High fluid loss occurs via which body system? Renal system
30. Know the clinical manifestations of cellulitis Swollen, warm, tender, fever. Pathogen invaded through a break skin
31. Know passive immunity (natural: mom to child; Artificial: rabies shot) Antibodies that made outside of the body
32. Know the effect of histamine on the body Released by Mast cell, triggers inflammatory response, increases
permeability capillary( engage foreign invaders in the infected tissue) Vasodilation
33. Know what macrophages do Phagocytize ( engulf and digest microorganism, clear out debris and dead cells,
stimulate other cells involved in immune function)
,34. Basophils are in high concentration during an allergic reaction
35. Know the importance of hand washing
36. Increased capillary permeability is a clinical manifestation of a sprain
37. This cell creates antibodies B-cell
38. What immunoglobulin is most abundant and responsible for eating bacteria? IgG
39. Know the clinical manifestations of the inflammatory system? Swollen, Heat, Redness, Pain
40. Define the function of interferons (protein) Stop spreading of virus to infected cells
41. This organ is the first barrier to microbes and pathogens Skin
42. Know the iconic presentation of SLE (Lupus) butterfly rash on cheeks
43. Know the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis bilateral effect, limited joints ROM, joints deformities, morning
stiffness
44. Know the outcome of elevated eosinophils (WBC) allergy reaction
45. Know the outcome of elevated neutrophils (WBC) fighting an infection or pathogen.
46. Know the role of mast cells Vasodilation, increase permeability, triggers inflammatory response
47. Define active immunity and be able to apply Antibodies made inside the body (natural: chickenpox, Artificial: Flu)
48. Know cell type associated with adaptive immunity B-cell and T-cell
49. IgA antibodies are secreted by what in the human body? Respiratory tract membrane, gastrointestinal tract
membrane, mucus, saliva, tears.
50. Know which patient population would be most at risk for opportunistic infection? HIV
(immunodeficiency)
51. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type I hypersensitivity and action,
examples? IgE (asthma)
52. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type II hypersensitivity and action,
Examples? IgG IgM (blood transfusion reactions)
53. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type III hypersensitivity and action,
examples? IgG (lupus)
54. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity and action,
examples? T-cell (transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis)
55. Know what immunoglobulin is associated with Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) and
action examples? T-cell
56. What lab tests measure inflammation? CRP
, 57. Know the complications of stress anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infections, and cardiovascular disease
58. Examples of the body's adaptive immune response Immature T-cell becomes Cytotoxic T-cell to fight infection;
Immature B-Cell becomes plasma cell and produces antibodies and neutralizes specific antigen.
59. Examples of passive immunity Natural:Mother to child during breastfeeding; Artificial : Rabies Shot
60. Examples of artificial adaptive immunity
61. These cells are invaded by HIV and can lead to AIDS Helper T-Cell
62. Describing cachexia is wasting syndrome, abnormal thinness, and weakness. Muscles wasting, loss of body fat.
63. Know the properties of cancer cells No growth control, immortal, protected from Apoptosis, Error in DNA, depends
on Glycolysis.
64. Define metastasis spread of cancer cell from the origin to other area
65. Know the 3 steps of carcinogenesis Phase I: Initiation, Phase II: Promotion(Mutation), Phase III: progressive
(Metastasis)
66. Define anaplastic cells Cells that have lost their specialized features
67. This tool is used to screen for breast cancer Mammogram
68. What do you do with a colon screen? Colonoscopy to detect changes or abnormalities inside the entire colon
69. Define neoplasia New-Abnormal growth tissue /often cancer (Neoplasm:Tumor)
70. What causes contact dermatitis?(an acute inflammatory reaction) Directly exposure to irritants or allergen-
producing substances
71. Know presentation of scabies Intensive itch (pruritic) worse at night
72. This hypersensitivity reaction results in urticaria (Hives) Type I hypersensitivity reaction
73. These cells undergo rapid proliferation in psoriasis patients Keratinocytes under Proliferation
74. Define ALL burn types and be able to differentiate among them
1st Superficial ( Epidermis)
2nd Partial thickness (dermis and epidermis)
3rd Full thickness (dermis+epidermis+hypodermis)
75. Know the etiology of hemangiomas (Strawberries) blood vessels don’t form properly
76. Know food source for lice Blood (human blood)
77. Know the clinical manifestations of tinea fungus Itchy,burning, circular erythematous rash
78. Which bacteria type is associated with skin infections? “Strep” and “staph”
79. Know the clinical manifestations of shingles (Herpes Zoster) Pain, vesicular rash, pruritus, affects nerve
80. Know the ABCDs of skin infection
A-Asymmetrical
