NURS 8022 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
-2025|150QS&AS|| UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased
insulin by the pancreas
Negative Feedback
Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting,
platelet cascade
Positive Feedback
________ provide selectivity to a membrane
Proteins
__________ are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Integral proteins
_____ are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators
Peripheral proteins
,____ is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and
3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
ATP
______ occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration.
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Simple/passive diffusion
●Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
●Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
●Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
●Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
●Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of
enzymes and lytic dissolution
Somatic Death
1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
,3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion (3)
_____ is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low
solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Osmosis
Action in which molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration;
DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Primary Active Transport
Action in which transport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration
gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport
__________ is the carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of all cells;
enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Na+- K+ ATPase (also known as the sodium-potassium pump)
, __________ maintains a low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
Ca2+ ATPase
__________ is found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
H+ ATPase
(3) Sodium is pumped out of the cell. (2) potassium is pumped in. This action
is called _______.
Sodium Potassium Pump
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This
action is called _______.
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport
Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This
action is called _______.
-2025|150QS&AS|| UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High FSBS, increased
insulin by the pancreas
Negative Feedback
Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting,
platelet cascade
Positive Feedback
________ provide selectivity to a membrane
Proteins
__________ are channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Integral proteins
_____ are Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediators
Peripheral proteins
,____ is converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and
3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
ATP
______ occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW concentration.
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Simple/passive diffusion
●Complete cessation of respirations and circulation
●Algor mortis: Reduced temperature
●Livor mortis: Purple skin discoloration
●Rigor mortis: Muscle stiffening
●Postmortem autolysis: Putrefactive changes associated with the release of
enzymes and lytic dissolution
Somatic Death
1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
,3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion (3)
_____ is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low
solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Osmosis
Action in which molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration;
DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Primary Active Transport
Action in which transport is driven by the energy STORED in the concentration
gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport
__________ is the carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of all cells;
enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Na+- K+ ATPase (also known as the sodium-potassium pump)
, __________ maintains a low cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
Ca2+ ATPase
__________ is found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
H+ ATPase
(3) Sodium is pumped out of the cell. (2) potassium is pumped in. This action
is called _______.
Sodium Potassium Pump
Substance is transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+). This
action is called _______.
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport
Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion Na+. This
action is called _______.
