INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY SUMMARY NOTES Updated
Exam 2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And
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Types of validity - ANSWERS-- Face validity
- Predictive validity
- Construct validity
Face validity - ANSWERS-Is the test valid at first glance?
Predictive validity - ANSWERS-How well one of the variables can predict the other
Construct validity - ANSWERS-- When objective and subjective data support each other
- Both convergent and discriminant validity need to be present
Convergent validity - ANSWERS-The degree to which two measures of constructs that
theoretically should be related, are in fact related
Discriminant validity - ANSWERS-The degree to which two measures of the constructs
that theoretically should not be related, are in fact not related
Random measurement error - ANSWERS-A measurement error caused by chance /
random factors
,Systematic measurement error - ANSWERS-Occurs when the measurement instrument
show a score that is consistently too high or too low
Has to do with the amount of variance present - ANSWERS-- Random measurement
error
- Systematic measurement error
How to determine the amount of measurement error - ANSWERS-The amount of
variance of the repeated measure
If a test is reliable - ANSWERS-There should be a strong positive correlation between
the scores of the first and second measurement
Test-retest reliability - ANSWERS-Re-testing to see if your results are the same
Interobserver reliability - ANSWERS-Have someone else test your results
Correlation - ANSWERS-Measures to what extent two variables are linearly related
A high positive correlation - ANSWERS-If one variable increases then the other does
too
A high negative correlation - ANSWERS-If one variable increases then the other
decreases
Internal consistency - ANSWERS-A measure of how well the items on the test measure
the same construct or idea
Types of internal consistency - ANSWERS-- The split-half method
- Cornbach's alpha
, The split-half method - ANSWERS-Split measurement in half and calculate the
correlation between half A and half B
Cornbach's Alpha - ANSWERS-Estimates the reliability by looking at the relation
between all individual terms
How to increase reliability - ANSWERS-- Adding more questions to a test
What reliability doesn't tell us - ANSWERS-Says nothing about the systematic
measurement errors or validity
Types of knowledge - ANSWERS-- Authority
- Common sense
- Personal experience
- Intuition
Authority - ANSWERS-Don't always base their conclusions on facts
Personal experience - ANSWERS-Important to generating new ideas, but is not
legitimate evidence
Issues with personal experience - ANSWERS-- Sampling bias
- Observer bias
- Confounded variables
Sampling bias - ANSWERS-Your observations are not representative for the population
Observer bias - ANSWERS-When your observations are influences by your
expectations
METHODOLOGY SUMMARY NOTES Updated
Exam 2026 WITH Recent Newest Verified And
Well Analyzed Exam Questions (Actual Exam
2026-2027)Correct Detailed & Verified ANSWERS
(100% Accurate Solutions) ALREADY GRADED
A+||NEWEST VERSION Of The Exam Guarantee
Pass!!
Types of validity - ANSWERS-- Face validity
- Predictive validity
- Construct validity
Face validity - ANSWERS-Is the test valid at first glance?
Predictive validity - ANSWERS-How well one of the variables can predict the other
Construct validity - ANSWERS-- When objective and subjective data support each other
- Both convergent and discriminant validity need to be present
Convergent validity - ANSWERS-The degree to which two measures of constructs that
theoretically should be related, are in fact related
Discriminant validity - ANSWERS-The degree to which two measures of the constructs
that theoretically should not be related, are in fact not related
Random measurement error - ANSWERS-A measurement error caused by chance /
random factors
,Systematic measurement error - ANSWERS-Occurs when the measurement instrument
show a score that is consistently too high or too low
Has to do with the amount of variance present - ANSWERS-- Random measurement
error
- Systematic measurement error
How to determine the amount of measurement error - ANSWERS-The amount of
variance of the repeated measure
If a test is reliable - ANSWERS-There should be a strong positive correlation between
the scores of the first and second measurement
Test-retest reliability - ANSWERS-Re-testing to see if your results are the same
Interobserver reliability - ANSWERS-Have someone else test your results
Correlation - ANSWERS-Measures to what extent two variables are linearly related
A high positive correlation - ANSWERS-If one variable increases then the other does
too
A high negative correlation - ANSWERS-If one variable increases then the other
decreases
Internal consistency - ANSWERS-A measure of how well the items on the test measure
the same construct or idea
Types of internal consistency - ANSWERS-- The split-half method
- Cornbach's alpha
, The split-half method - ANSWERS-Split measurement in half and calculate the
correlation between half A and half B
Cornbach's Alpha - ANSWERS-Estimates the reliability by looking at the relation
between all individual terms
How to increase reliability - ANSWERS-- Adding more questions to a test
What reliability doesn't tell us - ANSWERS-Says nothing about the systematic
measurement errors or validity
Types of knowledge - ANSWERS-- Authority
- Common sense
- Personal experience
- Intuition
Authority - ANSWERS-Don't always base their conclusions on facts
Personal experience - ANSWERS-Important to generating new ideas, but is not
legitimate evidence
Issues with personal experience - ANSWERS-- Sampling bias
- Observer bias
- Confounded variables
Sampling bias - ANSWERS-Your observations are not representative for the population
Observer bias - ANSWERS-When your observations are influences by your
expectations
