GCU PHI-103 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct Answers
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Terms in this set (63)
What are the four theories of truth? Correspondance
Coherence
Pragmatism
Postmodernism
What is the correspondence theory of truth? A thought, sentence, or proposition that corresponds to reality
What is coherence theory of truth? Truth has to do with whether or not one's beliefs are internally consistent with
each other
What is pragmatic theory of truth? Truth is what works; it is true because it works
What is postmodern theory of truth? A constellation of concepts that work together to deny objective truth, reality,
value, & reason
Example of a skeptical argument: (1) If I know that I have hands, then I know that I am not a handless brain-in-a-vat
(2) I don't know that I'm not a handless brain-in-a-vat
(3) Therefore, I don't know that I have hands
Explain the steps of Descartes argument: - Step 1: Epistemic Principle: A person knows that P is the basis of evidence E, only
if E rules out alternate possibilities to P
- Step 2: It's possible that the way things appear to me is the result of a dream like
state or the manipulation of an evil demon
- Step 3: Our evidence doesn't rule these possibilites out because our evidence is
consistent with these possibilites
What does it mean for evidence to "rule out" skepticism? Evidence rules out the possibility of Q meaning my evidence supports not Q in a
noncircular way
What is the assumption of ruling out skepticism? The way things are to me is a reliable indication of the way things really are
What is the response to Descartes argument? Reliable beliefs can plausibly derive from both inferential and non-inferential
processes
What is an inferential process? Believing something when you hear it
What is a non-inferential process? Being skeptical and questioning something when you hear it
What type of process is perception? Non-Inferential
What two abilities do humans have? Reasoning and Perceptual
, What is perception? A reliable source from which beliefs derive
What are the six pillars of belief? Reason
Memory
Testimony
Perception
Intuition
Introspection
What are two responses to a skeptics challenge? Double Standard and Counterexample
Give a response to Hume's argument: Hume assumes that all instances of knowledge must derive from the reasoning
process whereby one can justify the assumptions that the way things appear to us
is a reliable indiction of the way things really are
Why does perception not involve reasoning? Reasoning requires comprehending and making valid inferences from prior beliefs
or premises. Perception is grounded in sensory experience, which produces a
belief
What are external objects known by? Perception, not proof
Methodological Principle 1 One should not try to prove what is not know by proof
Methodological Principle 2 Common sense has defeasible authority over philosophical theory
What is propositional knowledge? Knowledge about facts
What is know-how knowledge? The ability to know how to do things
What is knowledge by aquantince? Getting knowledge from someone
What is volitional knowledge? Using reason to perceive information
What is the argument for God's existence? The transformative gift
What is the JTB Theory of Truth? An attempt to provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions under which a
person can be said to know something
What is a counterexample of the JTB Theory of Truth? Having reliable but not infallible evidence for the proposition believed
What is weak scientism? Allowing for truths apart from the sciences to be true and granting them some
minimal rational status without scientific support
What is strong scientism? The view that some proposition is true or rational to believe if and only if it is a
scientific proposition
C
Terms in this set (63)
What are the four theories of truth? Correspondance
Coherence
Pragmatism
Postmodernism
What is the correspondence theory of truth? A thought, sentence, or proposition that corresponds to reality
What is coherence theory of truth? Truth has to do with whether or not one's beliefs are internally consistent with
each other
What is pragmatic theory of truth? Truth is what works; it is true because it works
What is postmodern theory of truth? A constellation of concepts that work together to deny objective truth, reality,
value, & reason
Example of a skeptical argument: (1) If I know that I have hands, then I know that I am not a handless brain-in-a-vat
(2) I don't know that I'm not a handless brain-in-a-vat
(3) Therefore, I don't know that I have hands
Explain the steps of Descartes argument: - Step 1: Epistemic Principle: A person knows that P is the basis of evidence E, only
if E rules out alternate possibilities to P
- Step 2: It's possible that the way things appear to me is the result of a dream like
state or the manipulation of an evil demon
- Step 3: Our evidence doesn't rule these possibilites out because our evidence is
consistent with these possibilites
What does it mean for evidence to "rule out" skepticism? Evidence rules out the possibility of Q meaning my evidence supports not Q in a
noncircular way
What is the assumption of ruling out skepticism? The way things are to me is a reliable indication of the way things really are
What is the response to Descartes argument? Reliable beliefs can plausibly derive from both inferential and non-inferential
processes
What is an inferential process? Believing something when you hear it
What is a non-inferential process? Being skeptical and questioning something when you hear it
What type of process is perception? Non-Inferential
What two abilities do humans have? Reasoning and Perceptual
, What is perception? A reliable source from which beliefs derive
What are the six pillars of belief? Reason
Memory
Testimony
Perception
Intuition
Introspection
What are two responses to a skeptics challenge? Double Standard and Counterexample
Give a response to Hume's argument: Hume assumes that all instances of knowledge must derive from the reasoning
process whereby one can justify the assumptions that the way things appear to us
is a reliable indiction of the way things really are
Why does perception not involve reasoning? Reasoning requires comprehending and making valid inferences from prior beliefs
or premises. Perception is grounded in sensory experience, which produces a
belief
What are external objects known by? Perception, not proof
Methodological Principle 1 One should not try to prove what is not know by proof
Methodological Principle 2 Common sense has defeasible authority over philosophical theory
What is propositional knowledge? Knowledge about facts
What is know-how knowledge? The ability to know how to do things
What is knowledge by aquantince? Getting knowledge from someone
What is volitional knowledge? Using reason to perceive information
What is the argument for God's existence? The transformative gift
What is the JTB Theory of Truth? An attempt to provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions under which a
person can be said to know something
What is a counterexample of the JTB Theory of Truth? Having reliable but not infallible evidence for the proposition believed
What is weak scientism? Allowing for truths apart from the sciences to be true and granting them some
minimal rational status without scientific support
What is strong scientism? The view that some proposition is true or rational to believe if and only if it is a
scientific proposition
