ATI Med Surg Practice Exam 1 review Chapters 12-52

ATI Med Surg Practice Exam 1 review Chapters 12-52 1. Know how to interpret blood gas analysis: Normal Arterial Blood gas Values: PH- 7.35-7.45 Pac02- 35-45 to interpret using tic tac toe method, switch the values (45-35) Bicarbonate(HC03-)- 21-28 Pa02-80-100 Pyramid Points In acidosis, the PH is decreased In alkalosis, the PH is elevated The respiratory function indicator is the Paco2 The metabolic function indicator is the bicarbonate ion (HC03-) Pyramid Steps (1) Look at the PH. If the PH is elevated, it reflects alkalosis. If the PH is decreased, it reflects acidosis. (2) Look at the Pac02. You will find an opposite relationship between the PH and the Pac02; the PH will be elevated with a decreased Pac02 (alkalosis) or the PH will be decreased with an elevated Pac02 (acidosis). This reflects a respiratory imbalance. (3) Look at the HC03- there is a corresponding relationship between the PH and the HC03-; the PH will be elevated and the HC03- will be elevated (alkalosis) or the PH will be decreased and the HC03- will be decreased (acidosis). Look at the PH and the HC03- to determine whether the condition is a metabolic problem. (4) Full compensation has occurred if the PH is in a normal range of 7.35-7.45. If the PH is not within normal range, look at the respiratory or metabolic function indicators. If the condition is a respiratory imbalance, look at the HC03- to determine the state of compensation. Example: respiratory acidosis/alkalosis- HC03- Normal (uncompensated), metabolic acidosis- HC03- decreased (uncompensated), metabolic alkalosis- Hc03- elevated (uncompensated). 2. How to control epistaxis: Sit upright and tilt head forward, pinch soft frontal portion of nose for 5-10 minutes. 3. Nasal decongestant administration and education: To achieve max benefit instruct pt to blow nose before applying med into nasal cavity. Teach pt to keep head upright; spray quickly and firmly into each nostril away from septum; and wait at least 1 min before administering the second spray. The container should be cleaned after each use and should never be shared to avoid cross contamination. If case is infectious rhinitis then nurse reviews hand hygiene technique to prevent transmission of organisms. Should be used with caution. Overuse can cause rebound rhinitis (rhinitis medicamentosa) 4. How to promote sinus drainage: (In general) Instructs pt about humidification of the air in the home, use of warm compresses to relieve pressure. Avoid swimming, diving, and