Comprehensive A&P final Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
What is anatomy defined as? - ansthe study of structure of the body
what is physiology defined as? - ansthe study of the function of the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ansfrontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary life functions? - ansmaintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness,
digestion, metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex? - anschemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ansbody erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at
sides with palms forward
what are the 11 organ systems of the body? - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune
system
what does negative feedback do? - ansreduces or shuts off original stimulus
what does positive feedback do? - ansenhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansa disturbance that causes change in the internal state of
the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ansthe receptor sends information to the control
center and sends the appropriate response to the effector which then provides the means to a
response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ansnutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and
appropriate atmospheric pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
what is a serous membrane (serosa)? - ansa thin, double layered membrane. These
membranes are separated by slit like cavities filled with serous fluid
how many different abdominopelvic regions are there? - ans9
what is excretion? - ansthe ability to remove useless substances from the body
example of excretion? - ansthe digestive system getting rid of indigestible foods
what is responsiveness or excitability? - ansthe human anatomy responding towards the
environment?
what is the human anatomy responding towards the environment? - ansresponsiveness or
excitability
what is the most responsive organ system in the whole body? - ansthe nervous system
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? - ans(from top left to bottom right)
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumber, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
what 4 quadrants can the 9 abdominopelvic regions be divided into? - ansright upper, left
upper, right lower, and left lower
what are the 5 cavities? - anscranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal
cavity, and pelvic cavity
what are the 4 planes that divide the body and allow for easier inspection? - anssagittal
(median if its down the middle), frontal, transverse (horizontal), and elusive oblique
,Comprehensive A&P final Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansthe disturbance of homeostasis beyond the norm
what is the disturbance of homeostasis beyond the norm? - anshomeostatic imbalance
what can cause homeostatic imbalance? - ansdisease and aging
what is negative feedback? - ansthe response that opposes stimuli
what is positive feedback? - ansthe response that enables/furthers a stimuli
what are the two categories energy is divided into? - anskinetic and potential
what is kinetic energy? - ansrequires work in action
what is potential energy? - ansstored energy
what are the 4 major elements of the human body? - anscarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (CHON)
what are atoms made of? - anssubatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons
what does the atomic number represent? - ans# of protons
what does the mass # represent? - ans# of neutrons and protons
what are radioisotopes? - anschemical elements that have an unstable nucleus and can cause
all damage in living tissue
what are chemical elements that have an unstable nucleus & can cause all damage in living
tissue? - ansradioisotopes
what are the two types of chemical reactions? - ansexergonic & endergonic
what is exergonic? - ansleads to release of energy
what is endergonic? - ansabsorbs energy
what are buffers? - anshelp stabilize pH levels
what is the name of the thing that helps to stabilize pH levels? - ansbuffers
what are enzymes? - ansproteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
what are proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy? - ansenzymes
how do enzymes speed up reactions? - ansthey lower activation energy
what are molecular chaperones? - ansthey help trigger the immune response, delay aging, and
promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
what helps trigger the immune response, delays aging, and promotes the breakdown of
damaged or denatured proteins? - ansmolecular chaperones
what are fibrous proteins - ansstrand like, water insoluble and stable proteins which most
likely have a tertiary or quaternary structure
what are strand like, water insoluble and stable proteins that most likely have a tertiary or
quaternary structure - ansfibrous proteins
what are 4 words that describe globular proteins - anscompact, spherical, water soluble and
sensitive
compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive describe what type of protein? - ansglobular
what are nucleic acids made of? - ansmonomers known as nucleotides which contain 3
components: 5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous...something lol
what do nucleic acids contain? - ansDNA & RNA
what 3 components make up nucleotides? - ans5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous whatever
what is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body? - answater
, Comprehensive A&P final Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what percent of the body is water? - ans60-80%
what is an example of a protein donor? - ansacids
what is an example of a protein acceptor? - ansbases
how do buffers work? - ansthey resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or
binding (base)
what are the three classes of carbohydrates? - ansmonosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2
sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the four levels of protein structure? - ansprimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what percent of the body does CHON make up? - ans96.1%
what makes up 96.1% of the body? - ansCHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
what is a mixture? - anscan be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - anshas chemical reactions between components and can be separated
by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ansby breaking bonds
what are the 4 different types of bonds - anschemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ansstructural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons
with different mass
what are structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different
mass? - ansisotopes
what is a cell? - ansthe basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
what is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism - ansa cell
what are the cells that store nutrients? - ansfat cells
what is active transport - ansrequires the cell to use energy in the form of ATP to move
substances across the membrane
what kind of transport requires the use of ATP? - ansactive transport
are the non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? -
anshydrophobic
what is diffusion - ansthe tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration along their concentration gradient - ansdiffusion
what is tonicity? - ansthe ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by
alteration the cells internal water/volume
what is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells
internal water/volume - anstonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - anshave a higher concentration of solutes on the outside than
inside of the cell
what type of solution has higher concentration of solutes on the outside compared to the
inside? - anshypertonic solutions
what is lysis - ansthe bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution? - anslysis
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
What is anatomy defined as? - ansthe study of structure of the body
what is physiology defined as? - ansthe study of the function of the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ansfrontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary life functions? - ansmaintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness,
digestion, metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex? - anschemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ansbody erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at
sides with palms forward
what are the 11 organ systems of the body? - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune
system
what does negative feedback do? - ansreduces or shuts off original stimulus
what does positive feedback do? - ansenhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansa disturbance that causes change in the internal state of
the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ansthe receptor sends information to the control
center and sends the appropriate response to the effector which then provides the means to a
response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ansnutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and
appropriate atmospheric pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
what is a serous membrane (serosa)? - ansa thin, double layered membrane. These
membranes are separated by slit like cavities filled with serous fluid
how many different abdominopelvic regions are there? - ans9
what is excretion? - ansthe ability to remove useless substances from the body
example of excretion? - ansthe digestive system getting rid of indigestible foods
what is responsiveness or excitability? - ansthe human anatomy responding towards the
environment?
what is the human anatomy responding towards the environment? - ansresponsiveness or
excitability
what is the most responsive organ system in the whole body? - ansthe nervous system
what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? - ans(from top left to bottom right)
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar,
umbilical, left lumber, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
what 4 quadrants can the 9 abdominopelvic regions be divided into? - ansright upper, left
upper, right lower, and left lower
what are the 5 cavities? - anscranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal
cavity, and pelvic cavity
what are the 4 planes that divide the body and allow for easier inspection? - anssagittal
(median if its down the middle), frontal, transverse (horizontal), and elusive oblique
,Comprehensive A&P final Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ansthe disturbance of homeostasis beyond the norm
what is the disturbance of homeostasis beyond the norm? - anshomeostatic imbalance
what can cause homeostatic imbalance? - ansdisease and aging
what is negative feedback? - ansthe response that opposes stimuli
what is positive feedback? - ansthe response that enables/furthers a stimuli
what are the two categories energy is divided into? - anskinetic and potential
what is kinetic energy? - ansrequires work in action
what is potential energy? - ansstored energy
what are the 4 major elements of the human body? - anscarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (CHON)
what are atoms made of? - anssubatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons
what does the atomic number represent? - ans# of protons
what does the mass # represent? - ans# of neutrons and protons
what are radioisotopes? - anschemical elements that have an unstable nucleus and can cause
all damage in living tissue
what are chemical elements that have an unstable nucleus & can cause all damage in living
tissue? - ansradioisotopes
what are the two types of chemical reactions? - ansexergonic & endergonic
what is exergonic? - ansleads to release of energy
what is endergonic? - ansabsorbs energy
what are buffers? - anshelp stabilize pH levels
what is the name of the thing that helps to stabilize pH levels? - ansbuffers
what are enzymes? - ansproteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
what are proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy? - ansenzymes
how do enzymes speed up reactions? - ansthey lower activation energy
what are molecular chaperones? - ansthey help trigger the immune response, delay aging, and
promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
what helps trigger the immune response, delays aging, and promotes the breakdown of
damaged or denatured proteins? - ansmolecular chaperones
what are fibrous proteins - ansstrand like, water insoluble and stable proteins which most
likely have a tertiary or quaternary structure
what are strand like, water insoluble and stable proteins that most likely have a tertiary or
quaternary structure - ansfibrous proteins
what are 4 words that describe globular proteins - anscompact, spherical, water soluble and
sensitive
compact, spherical, water soluble and sensitive describe what type of protein? - ansglobular
what are nucleic acids made of? - ansmonomers known as nucleotides which contain 3
components: 5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous...something lol
what do nucleic acids contain? - ansDNA & RNA
what 3 components make up nucleotides? - ans5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous whatever
what is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body? - answater
, Comprehensive A&P final Covering
Chapter 1 to 15.
Latest Updated Guide with Correct
Answers 2026/2027
what percent of the body is water? - ans60-80%
what is an example of a protein donor? - ansacids
what is an example of a protein acceptor? - ansbases
how do buffers work? - ansthey resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or
binding (base)
what are the three classes of carbohydrates? - ansmonosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2
sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the four levels of protein structure? - ansprimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what percent of the body does CHON make up? - ans96.1%
what makes up 96.1% of the body? - ansCHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
what is a mixture? - anscan be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - anshas chemical reactions between components and can be separated
by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ansby breaking bonds
what are the 4 different types of bonds - anschemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ansstructural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons
with different mass
what are structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different
mass? - ansisotopes
what is a cell? - ansthe basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
what is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism - ansa cell
what are the cells that store nutrients? - ansfat cells
what is active transport - ansrequires the cell to use energy in the form of ATP to move
substances across the membrane
what kind of transport requires the use of ATP? - ansactive transport
are the non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? -
anshydrophobic
what is diffusion - ansthe tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration along their concentration gradient - ansdiffusion
what is tonicity? - ansthe ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by
alteration the cells internal water/volume
what is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells
internal water/volume - anstonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - anshave a higher concentration of solutes on the outside than
inside of the cell
what type of solution has higher concentration of solutes on the outside compared to the
inside? - anshypertonic solutions
what is lysis - ansthe bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution? - anslysis
