Clinical Decision Making Final Prep Exam Newest
2026 Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
What is hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-Elevated blood pressure (BP)
in the arteries above target numbers.
Why is hypertension often called the "silent killer"? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Usually has no symptoms other than elevated BP; target organ damage
occurs late and can be serious.
What are common manifestations of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Often none; sometimes headache, dizziness, visual changes, chest pain—
but usually asymptomatic until organ damage occurs.
How many Canadians are living with hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-
7.5 million.
What percentage of hypertension cases are primary? - CORRECT
ANSWER-95%.
What proportion of adults over 75 years have hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-More than 75%.
,According to Hypertension Canada (2025), what defines hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-AOBP ≥ 130/80 mmHg.
What is considered a normal blood pressure for adults? - CORRECT
ANSWER-AOBP < 120/80 mmHg.
What is considered elevated blood pressure (pre-hypertension)? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Systolic 120-129 mmHg and diastolic < 80 mmHg.
What are key lifestyle and biological factors contributing to primary
hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetic link, high sodium intake,
obesity, alcohol intake, inactivity, Type A personality traits, hyperlipidemia,
low Vitamin D.
What are common causes of secondary hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Primary renal disease, endocrine disorders (Cushing's, thyroid
disease), sleep apnea, medications (oral contraceptives, anti-
inflammatories, antidepressants), alcohol consumption.
What physiological mechanisms increase the risk for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Increased sympathetic nervous system activity,
increased sodium/chloride/water reabsorption by kidneys, increased renin-
angiotensin system activity, decreased vasodilation of arterioles, insulin
resistance.
, Which organs are most affected by uncontrolled hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, and blood vessels.
What are possible complications of long-term uncontrolled hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic
kidney disease, retinopathy, aneurysms.
How is hypertension diagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Repeated elevated
blood pressure readings, often confirmed with home or ambulatory
monitoring.
What assessments may be done to detect target organ damage? -
CORRECT ANSWER-ECG, echocardiogram, urinalysis, serum creatinine,
eye exam, lipid panel.
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Low-sodium diet, weight loss, regular physical activity,
limiting alcohol, smoking cessation, stress management, increased
potassium intake.
What dietary approach is often recommended for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension).
2026 Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
What is hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-Elevated blood pressure (BP)
in the arteries above target numbers.
Why is hypertension often called the "silent killer"? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Usually has no symptoms other than elevated BP; target organ damage
occurs late and can be serious.
What are common manifestations of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Often none; sometimes headache, dizziness, visual changes, chest pain—
but usually asymptomatic until organ damage occurs.
How many Canadians are living with hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-
7.5 million.
What percentage of hypertension cases are primary? - CORRECT
ANSWER-95%.
What proportion of adults over 75 years have hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-More than 75%.
,According to Hypertension Canada (2025), what defines hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-AOBP ≥ 130/80 mmHg.
What is considered a normal blood pressure for adults? - CORRECT
ANSWER-AOBP < 120/80 mmHg.
What is considered elevated blood pressure (pre-hypertension)? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Systolic 120-129 mmHg and diastolic < 80 mmHg.
What are key lifestyle and biological factors contributing to primary
hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetic link, high sodium intake,
obesity, alcohol intake, inactivity, Type A personality traits, hyperlipidemia,
low Vitamin D.
What are common causes of secondary hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Primary renal disease, endocrine disorders (Cushing's, thyroid
disease), sleep apnea, medications (oral contraceptives, anti-
inflammatories, antidepressants), alcohol consumption.
What physiological mechanisms increase the risk for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Increased sympathetic nervous system activity,
increased sodium/chloride/water reabsorption by kidneys, increased renin-
angiotensin system activity, decreased vasodilation of arterioles, insulin
resistance.
, Which organs are most affected by uncontrolled hypertension? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, and blood vessels.
What are possible complications of long-term uncontrolled hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic
kidney disease, retinopathy, aneurysms.
How is hypertension diagnosed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Repeated elevated
blood pressure readings, often confirmed with home or ambulatory
monitoring.
What assessments may be done to detect target organ damage? -
CORRECT ANSWER-ECG, echocardiogram, urinalysis, serum creatinine,
eye exam, lipid panel.
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Low-sodium diet, weight loss, regular physical activity,
limiting alcohol, smoking cessation, stress management, increased
potassium intake.
What dietary approach is often recommended for hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER-DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension).
