AGACNP
-exam elaborations with 100% verified answer/solutions- Excel &
Succeed - academic year (2026-2027)
614 Q&A
Lower uti are called Cystits or urethritis
What are two causes of upper Pylonephritis or renal abscess
What are several symptoms of a uti Dysuria, frequency, nocturia, hematuria,
If a male pt has symptoms of BPh what is first test Urinalysis
ordered?
What urinalysis finding is consistent with bacterial >10 wbc , nitrates (specific) , esterase detection (sensitive), colony of bacteria
cystitis 10^10
Abx treatment of uncomplicated cystitis Nitrophentoin (best preg) Tmpx-STC , fosfomycin or florqunilones
Symptoms of pyelonephrtits Flank/back pain , fever ms change , n/v
Laboratory urinalysis findings of pylo Whit blood cells , hyaline casts , elevated esr
Abx for complicated /upper uti Ciproflaxcin( if not complicated) , complicated levofloxacin or ceftriaxone
What is abx for healthcare associates Upper UTI Use antipsudomonal , cefepime , ampicillin, mero, tazo, aminoglycosyde
What is renal insufficientcy Decrease of gfr caused by aging HTN DM
What is an AKI? Sudden increase in creatine * 2 or reduction of GFR by 50% , or U/O reduction
<.5ml/kg for 12 hrs
What is the RIFLE criteria? Allows grading of kidney dysfunction based on creatinine, GFR and urine
output
What is kidney failure as defined by rifle criteria CreTine *3 or GFR <75% , UO < .3 ml/kg for 24 hrs
1/35
,What is kidney injury as defined by rifle criteria Scr *3 or GFR>50% /up less than .5ml/kg /hr for >12 hrs
What is kidney function esrd according to RIFLe Complete loss of function for >3hrs
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of pre renal >10:1 , <20, fena <1 , >1.015 (high)
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of intra renal Normal 10:1 , >40 mil NA, <specific gravity <1.015 , >3 Fena, byline casts
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of post renal Similar to intra renal
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the criteria for dyalsis Acidosis , Electrolytes (k), toxins , volume (pulm edema) , uremia (pericardial
effusion)
What is anuria? Less than 100 cc of urine in 24 hours
What is oliguria? Less than 400 cc of urine in 24 hours
What is treatment for pre renal vs intra renal vs post Expand intravascular volume, reduce obstruction of hepatic congestion, stop
nephrotoxic drugs, treat infection , Remove obstruction
What is the most common age for renal calculi 30 ur male
If pt has a stone what should be done prior to therapy ? Strain urine to differentiate types of stones
What are types of renal calculi? Struvite stones , uric acid calcium stones , cystine stones
Calcium stones are ?? Renal calculi Most common , men
Uric acid stones are ?? Common on older men with gout
Struvite stones Form in response to an infection, women most common (magma/pho's)
Cystine stones a rare cause of kidney stones that occur seen in children. They are related to
cystinuria.
Treatment is hydration and alkalinization of the urine.
They may also form staghorn calculi.
Symptoms of renal calculi Pain in flank area, nausea, vomiting, decrease in urine osmolarity , May radiate
to testes or cause frequency or urgency if logged in ureter
What is management of renal calculi Analgesia and hydration
What is the preferred analgesic for renal calculi Morph /hydro /?torodol (ketorlac) replan (metoclamide)
Lithotripsrbisbused for ? Large renal calculi
2/35
,What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? Enlargement of the prostate that occurs in the periurethral and transitional
zones of the gland. For men older than 50
Dignostic tests for bph Urinalysis (rule out uti) , PSA >4
What test should be ordered for a palpable prostate Trans recital ultrasound
nodule or elevated psa
What drugs and their class can be used for bph ? Alpha blockers , Terazosin,dutasteride
What is TURP? transurethral resection of the prostate
What herbal can be used on BpH Saw palmetto
What meds worsen Bph Benadryl, Sudafed, Ssris, Afrin, diuretics , pain meds
What percentage does gfr reduce per decade after 30 10%
?
What is normal male creatine clearance 1.6-2.33
What is normal female creatine clearene 1.45-2.18
What is maximum gfr and how can u calc creatine 140 -age*body weight p
clearance
What is the most common illness for >65 yr pts Uti
What is usually first sympt if gero uti Confusion , weakness , in continence
What are common gram - uti causes E. coli, pseudomonas
What are common gram + causes of uti Entericocus, s aureus , Step , staph
Normal CVP 2-6
What causes increase in cvp Fluid overload , cardiogenic shock , pulmonary htn/right hrt failure
What is normal pulmonary arterial prsg 15-25/5-15
What causes increase in pap Hypervolemia/pul htn
What is normal pcwp /Paop 6-12
What causes an increase in pcwp Anything which jncreaes prsg in left ventricle at end diastolic (fluid /diastolic
failure )
What may cause low pcwp Hypovolemia
What is normal co 4-8 L/min
What is normal CI 2.5-3.5L/min/M2
3/35
, What is normal svr 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm^-5
What is normal svo2 60-80%
What is a left ward shift as compared to right shift of Left is more affinity (cold , sepsis, akolosi)
hgb curve
What is presentation of hypovolemic shock using Low co, low cvp, low pcwp, high svr, low svo2
laboratory parameters
What is first treatment of hypovolemic shock Crystalloids then blood if bleeding
What are the lab Findings of cardiogenic shock Decrease co, high cvp, high pcwp, high svr, low svo2
What is treatment of cardiogenic shock and order of Fluids, vasopressors, nitro/for ishchemia and after load reduction.
admin
What is distributive shock? What are the laboratory massive vasodilation of vascular bed causing maldistribution of blood ,
findings
First high then low CO, then low cvp, low pcwp, low svr, high svo2
What is the first line treatment for distribution shock and Fluid resus 30ml/kg and abx within one hour with cultures
what is the time line
What is the antibody finding of anaphylactic shock ? IgE , allergen mediated antibodies
What are the laboratory findings , every thing is low Co , decreased cvp, pcwp, svr, svo2
What should be the first line of treatment for Dephedramine , volume expanding crystalloid , glucocorticoid, H2 agonist
anaphylactic shock without airway strider? (ranitidine /peocid)
What is the treatment for anaphylactic bronchidpasm // Epinephrine / inhaled beta agonist
strider
neurological shock, what area of injury and what loss of control over the nervous system, causing blood vessels to dilate, T6 or
findings above , all findings are low ,similar to anaphylactic
Autonomic Dysreflexia what and where (potentially life threatening emergency!) HOB elevate 90 degrees, loosen
constrictive clothing, assess for full bladder or bowel impaction, (trigger)
administer antihypertensives (may cause stroke, MI, seizure), t3-t7
What is obstructive shock and what are the laboratory Impaired ventricular fillings
findings
Causes of obstructive shock mechanical obstruction of cardiac muscle leading to pump failure, PE , tension ,
tamponade , valvular obstruction
Treatment for obstructive shock Maintain BP, fluid pressers, treat cause tpa thronbectomby
What is CN 1 and what does it do Olfactory , smell, sensory
What is CN2 , function ? Optic, sensory ,.vision
4/35
-exam elaborations with 100% verified answer/solutions- Excel &
Succeed - academic year (2026-2027)
614 Q&A
Lower uti are called Cystits or urethritis
What are two causes of upper Pylonephritis or renal abscess
What are several symptoms of a uti Dysuria, frequency, nocturia, hematuria,
If a male pt has symptoms of BPh what is first test Urinalysis
ordered?
What urinalysis finding is consistent with bacterial >10 wbc , nitrates (specific) , esterase detection (sensitive), colony of bacteria
cystitis 10^10
Abx treatment of uncomplicated cystitis Nitrophentoin (best preg) Tmpx-STC , fosfomycin or florqunilones
Symptoms of pyelonephrtits Flank/back pain , fever ms change , n/v
Laboratory urinalysis findings of pylo Whit blood cells , hyaline casts , elevated esr
Abx for complicated /upper uti Ciproflaxcin( if not complicated) , complicated levofloxacin or ceftriaxone
What is abx for healthcare associates Upper UTI Use antipsudomonal , cefepime , ampicillin, mero, tazo, aminoglycosyde
What is renal insufficientcy Decrease of gfr caused by aging HTN DM
What is an AKI? Sudden increase in creatine * 2 or reduction of GFR by 50% , or U/O reduction
<.5ml/kg for 12 hrs
What is the RIFLE criteria? Allows grading of kidney dysfunction based on creatinine, GFR and urine
output
What is kidney failure as defined by rifle criteria CreTine *3 or GFR <75% , UO < .3 ml/kg for 24 hrs
1/35
,What is kidney injury as defined by rifle criteria Scr *3 or GFR>50% /up less than .5ml/kg /hr for >12 hrs
What is kidney function esrd according to RIFLe Complete loss of function for >3hrs
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of pre renal >10:1 , <20, fena <1 , >1.015 (high)
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of intra renal Normal 10:1 , >40 mil NA, <specific gravity <1.015 , >3 Fena, byline casts
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the serum bun creatinine ratio of post renal Similar to intra renal
failure as well as urine sodium and Fena and specific
gravity
What is the criteria for dyalsis Acidosis , Electrolytes (k), toxins , volume (pulm edema) , uremia (pericardial
effusion)
What is anuria? Less than 100 cc of urine in 24 hours
What is oliguria? Less than 400 cc of urine in 24 hours
What is treatment for pre renal vs intra renal vs post Expand intravascular volume, reduce obstruction of hepatic congestion, stop
nephrotoxic drugs, treat infection , Remove obstruction
What is the most common age for renal calculi 30 ur male
If pt has a stone what should be done prior to therapy ? Strain urine to differentiate types of stones
What are types of renal calculi? Struvite stones , uric acid calcium stones , cystine stones
Calcium stones are ?? Renal calculi Most common , men
Uric acid stones are ?? Common on older men with gout
Struvite stones Form in response to an infection, women most common (magma/pho's)
Cystine stones a rare cause of kidney stones that occur seen in children. They are related to
cystinuria.
Treatment is hydration and alkalinization of the urine.
They may also form staghorn calculi.
Symptoms of renal calculi Pain in flank area, nausea, vomiting, decrease in urine osmolarity , May radiate
to testes or cause frequency or urgency if logged in ureter
What is management of renal calculi Analgesia and hydration
What is the preferred analgesic for renal calculi Morph /hydro /?torodol (ketorlac) replan (metoclamide)
Lithotripsrbisbused for ? Large renal calculi
2/35
,What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? Enlargement of the prostate that occurs in the periurethral and transitional
zones of the gland. For men older than 50
Dignostic tests for bph Urinalysis (rule out uti) , PSA >4
What test should be ordered for a palpable prostate Trans recital ultrasound
nodule or elevated psa
What drugs and their class can be used for bph ? Alpha blockers , Terazosin,dutasteride
What is TURP? transurethral resection of the prostate
What herbal can be used on BpH Saw palmetto
What meds worsen Bph Benadryl, Sudafed, Ssris, Afrin, diuretics , pain meds
What percentage does gfr reduce per decade after 30 10%
?
What is normal male creatine clearance 1.6-2.33
What is normal female creatine clearene 1.45-2.18
What is maximum gfr and how can u calc creatine 140 -age*body weight p
clearance
What is the most common illness for >65 yr pts Uti
What is usually first sympt if gero uti Confusion , weakness , in continence
What are common gram - uti causes E. coli, pseudomonas
What are common gram + causes of uti Entericocus, s aureus , Step , staph
Normal CVP 2-6
What causes increase in cvp Fluid overload , cardiogenic shock , pulmonary htn/right hrt failure
What is normal pulmonary arterial prsg 15-25/5-15
What causes increase in pap Hypervolemia/pul htn
What is normal pcwp /Paop 6-12
What causes an increase in pcwp Anything which jncreaes prsg in left ventricle at end diastolic (fluid /diastolic
failure )
What may cause low pcwp Hypovolemia
What is normal co 4-8 L/min
What is normal CI 2.5-3.5L/min/M2
3/35
, What is normal svr 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm^-5
What is normal svo2 60-80%
What is a left ward shift as compared to right shift of Left is more affinity (cold , sepsis, akolosi)
hgb curve
What is presentation of hypovolemic shock using Low co, low cvp, low pcwp, high svr, low svo2
laboratory parameters
What is first treatment of hypovolemic shock Crystalloids then blood if bleeding
What are the lab Findings of cardiogenic shock Decrease co, high cvp, high pcwp, high svr, low svo2
What is treatment of cardiogenic shock and order of Fluids, vasopressors, nitro/for ishchemia and after load reduction.
admin
What is distributive shock? What are the laboratory massive vasodilation of vascular bed causing maldistribution of blood ,
findings
First high then low CO, then low cvp, low pcwp, low svr, high svo2
What is the first line treatment for distribution shock and Fluid resus 30ml/kg and abx within one hour with cultures
what is the time line
What is the antibody finding of anaphylactic shock ? IgE , allergen mediated antibodies
What are the laboratory findings , every thing is low Co , decreased cvp, pcwp, svr, svo2
What should be the first line of treatment for Dephedramine , volume expanding crystalloid , glucocorticoid, H2 agonist
anaphylactic shock without airway strider? (ranitidine /peocid)
What is the treatment for anaphylactic bronchidpasm // Epinephrine / inhaled beta agonist
strider
neurological shock, what area of injury and what loss of control over the nervous system, causing blood vessels to dilate, T6 or
findings above , all findings are low ,similar to anaphylactic
Autonomic Dysreflexia what and where (potentially life threatening emergency!) HOB elevate 90 degrees, loosen
constrictive clothing, assess for full bladder or bowel impaction, (trigger)
administer antihypertensives (may cause stroke, MI, seizure), t3-t7
What is obstructive shock and what are the laboratory Impaired ventricular fillings
findings
Causes of obstructive shock mechanical obstruction of cardiac muscle leading to pump failure, PE , tension ,
tamponade , valvular obstruction
Treatment for obstructive shock Maintain BP, fluid pressers, treat cause tpa thronbectomby
What is CN 1 and what does it do Olfactory , smell, sensory
What is CN2 , function ? Optic, sensory ,.vision
4/35
