PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS A+ GRADED
What is the importance of iodine? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Body needs at
least 1 mg of iodine
o Once ingested, iodine circulates as iodide
o Thyroid gland stores enough thyroid hormone to endure long periods
without iodine
Describe how blood glucose is regulated with hormones - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-o Insulin and glucagon
§ Increased glucagon secretion -> breakdown glycogen stores to
produce glucose
§ Increasing insulin secretion -> increases rate @ which glucose is
removed from the circulation
,Describe the general functions of the endocrine system - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-o Circulation and digestion
o Adaptive stress response
o Growth and development
o Regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
o Reproduction
o Red blood cell production
Define a hormone and describe what makes hormones different from
other secretions - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Come from endocrine tissues
o They are chemical substances that are secreted directly into the
blood @ low quantities and exert a physiological effect @ a distant
target tissue
What are the differences b/w neurotransmitters and hormones?
(belong to? transmitted across/transported by? produced by? travels?)
- ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Neurotransmitters
§ Belong to the nervous system
§ Transmitted across a synaptic cleft
§ Produced by neurons
§ Travel short distances
Hormones
,§ Belong to the endocrine system
§ Transported by the blood
§ Produced by endocrine glands
§ Travel long distances
What are the different types of hormones - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hydrophilic (water loving)
- Highly water soluble and have low lipid solubility
- Can be found unbound to carrier molecules within the plasma
- They can be peptide hormones or amines
*EXCEPTION: thyroid hormones are not hydrophilic
- Catecholamines are also both free and bound to carrier molecules
- Peptide hormones are dissolved in plasma
- Steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to carrier
molecules/proteins
Hydrophobic (lipid loving)
- Highly soluble in lipids and poorly soluble in water
- Generally, require carrier molecules for transport throughout the
body
- Includes amine thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
, How is a peptide hormone synthesized? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1.
Synthesis: Preprohormones (large precursor proteins) are synthesized
by the ER ribosomes
2. Packing: Preprohormones are processed into active hormones and
packaged into vesicles as they travel through ER and Golgi
3. Storage: Hormone-containing secretory vesicles can be stored until
the cell receives the appropriate signal
4. Secretion: Appropriate signal initiates exocytosis of the vesicles and
the hormones are released into the blood
Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Hypothalamus controls this hormone release in a
different manner for each lobe
Posterior pituitary lobe
§ Connected to hypothalamus by a neural pathway
§ Has 2 clusters of neurons: supraoptic nucleus & paraventricular
nucleus
§ Axons project down the pituitary stalk and terminate on blood vessels
in the posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary lobe
§ Connected by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
ACCURATE ANSWERS A+ GRADED
What is the importance of iodine? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Body needs at
least 1 mg of iodine
o Once ingested, iodine circulates as iodide
o Thyroid gland stores enough thyroid hormone to endure long periods
without iodine
Describe how blood glucose is regulated with hormones - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-o Insulin and glucagon
§ Increased glucagon secretion -> breakdown glycogen stores to
produce glucose
§ Increasing insulin secretion -> increases rate @ which glucose is
removed from the circulation
,Describe the general functions of the endocrine system - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-o Circulation and digestion
o Adaptive stress response
o Growth and development
o Regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
o Reproduction
o Red blood cell production
Define a hormone and describe what makes hormones different from
other secretions - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Come from endocrine tissues
o They are chemical substances that are secreted directly into the
blood @ low quantities and exert a physiological effect @ a distant
target tissue
What are the differences b/w neurotransmitters and hormones?
(belong to? transmitted across/transported by? produced by? travels?)
- ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Neurotransmitters
§ Belong to the nervous system
§ Transmitted across a synaptic cleft
§ Produced by neurons
§ Travel short distances
Hormones
,§ Belong to the endocrine system
§ Transported by the blood
§ Produced by endocrine glands
§ Travel long distances
What are the different types of hormones - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hydrophilic (water loving)
- Highly water soluble and have low lipid solubility
- Can be found unbound to carrier molecules within the plasma
- They can be peptide hormones or amines
*EXCEPTION: thyroid hormones are not hydrophilic
- Catecholamines are also both free and bound to carrier molecules
- Peptide hormones are dissolved in plasma
- Steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to carrier
molecules/proteins
Hydrophobic (lipid loving)
- Highly soluble in lipids and poorly soluble in water
- Generally, require carrier molecules for transport throughout the
body
- Includes amine thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
, How is a peptide hormone synthesized? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1.
Synthesis: Preprohormones (large precursor proteins) are synthesized
by the ER ribosomes
2. Packing: Preprohormones are processed into active hormones and
packaged into vesicles as they travel through ER and Golgi
3. Storage: Hormone-containing secretory vesicles can be stored until
the cell receives the appropriate signal
4. Secretion: Appropriate signal initiates exocytosis of the vesicles and
the hormones are released into the blood
Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-o Hypothalamus controls this hormone release in a
different manner for each lobe
Posterior pituitary lobe
§ Connected to hypothalamus by a neural pathway
§ Has 2 clusters of neurons: supraoptic nucleus & paraventricular
nucleus
§ Axons project down the pituitary stalk and terminate on blood vessels
in the posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary lobe
§ Connected by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
