Summary Human Osteology

Human Osteology
SKELETAL MUSCLE  Both connective tissues with
abundant matrix (material
 Bone
between cells)
 Cartilage
 Matrix of cartilage contains
 Ligaments
proteoglycan, collagen and/or
Functions of the Skeletal crystalline
System  Matrix of bone contains
proteoglycan, collagen and a
 Support crystalline mixture of calcium
 Bone hard and rigid and phosphate called
 Cartilage flexible yet hydroxyapatite
strong
 Protection MACROSCOPIC
 Skull around brain STRUCTURE OF BONE
 Ribs; sternum;
Bone Structures
vertebrae protect
organs of thoracic  Long
cavity; spinal cord  Upper and lower limbs
 Movement  Short
 Ca2+, Pi stored and  Carpals and tarsal
released as needed  Flat
 Adipose tissue in  Ribs, sternum, skull,
narrow cavities scapulae
 Blood cell production  Irregular
 Bone marrow gives  Vertebrae, facial
rise to blood cells,
Zones of Long Bone
platelets –
hematopoiesis
Cartilage
 Hyaline
 Most common
 Moderate strength
 Fibrocartilage
 Vertebral discs, pubic
symphysis
 Strongest
 Elastic cartilage
 Ears, epiglottis,
eustachian tube
 Flexible, recoil
What is the difference
CHONDROCYTES PRODUCES
between cartilage
COLLAGENOUS and
EXTRACELLULAR
MATRIX,
bone? GROUND SUBSTANCE
(PROTEOGLYCAN, ELASTIC FIBRES)

,  Epiphysis  Chondroblasts produce a
 Region between the cartilage model that is
articular end of the surrounded by
bone and growth plate perichondrium, except
(or phsis) where joints will form
 Metaphysis  The perichondrium of the
 Regio immediately periosteum, and a bone
below the growth plate collar is produced.
 Diaphysis Internally, the chondrocytes
 The region between hypertrophy, and calcified
the metaphysis (shaft cartilage forms
of the log bones)  A primary ossification
center forms as blood vessels
and osteoblasts invade the
calcified cartilage. The
osteoblasts lay down bone
matrix, forming spongy bone
 The process of bone collar
formation, cartilage
calcification and spongy bone
production continues.
Calcified cartilage begins to
form in the epiphysis. A
medullary cavity begins to
form in the center of the
Skeletal Features diaphysis
 Secondary ossification
 Ridges centers form in the epiphyses
 Line or linear: low of long bones
ridge  The original cartilage model
 Crest or crista: is almost completely ossified.
prominent ridge Unossified cartilage becomes
 Openings the epiphysis plate and the
 Foramen: hole articular cartilage
 Canal or meatus:  In mature bone, the
tunnel epiphyseal plate has become
 Sinus or labyrinth: the epiphyseal line, and all
cavity the cartilage in the epiphysis,
 Depressions except the articular cartilage,
 Fossa: general term has become bone
for a depression
 Fissure, narrow grove
depression
 Acetabulum deep
socket “cup”
Axial and Appendicular
Endochondral Ossification Skeleton
 Axial skeleton