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Samenvatting KLINISCHE BIOLOGIE

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Klinische Biologie
INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Wat is klinische biologie? ............................................................................................................... 5
2. Analytische technieken........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Fotometrie ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Potentiometrie ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Osmometrie .................................................................................................................................. 6
2.4 Elektroforese ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.5 Immunologische assays ................................................................................................................. 6
2.6 Chromatografie.............................................................................................................................. 6
2.7 Hemocytometrie ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.8 Flowcytometrie .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.9 Bloedgasanalyse ............................................................................................................................ 8
3. Referentiewaarden en interpretatie van uitslagen .................................................................................... 9
3.1 Hoe worden de resultaten van het klinisch laboratorium uitgedrukt? ............................................... 9
3.2 Referentiewaarden......................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Opstellen van referentiewaarden ................................................................................................ 9
3.2.2 Referentiewaarden zijn niet voor elk individu gelijk .................................................................... 10
3.3 De diagnostische waarde van een test .......................................................................................... 11
4. Preanalytische, analytische en postanalytische fase ............................................................................. 13
4.1 Preanalytische variabelen ............................................................................................................ 13
4.1.1 Biologische variabiliteit ............................................................................................................ 13
4.1.2 Bloedafname ........................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.3 Transport en bewaring .............................................................................................................. 15
4.2 Analytische fouten ....................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 Interferentie door farmaca en andere stoffen ............................................................................ 15
4.2.2 Auto-antilichamen ................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Human anti-mouse antibodies ................................................................................................. 15
4.2.4 Kruisreactiviteit ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.2.5 High-dose hook effect .............................................................................................................. 16
5. Overzicht van de belangrijkste laboratoriumparameters ........................................................................ 17
5.1 Rode bloedcellen ......................................................................................................................... 17
5.1.1 Het complete bloedbeeld ......................................................................................................... 17
5.1.2 Bloedbezinkingssnelheid .......................................................................................................... 18
5.1.3 Ijzerstofwisseling ..................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Witte bloedcellen ......................................................................................................................... 19

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,5.3 Koolhydratenmetabolisme ........................................................................................................... 20
5.3.1 Glucose ................................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.2 Lactaat .................................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.3 Hemoglobine A1c ..................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.4 Fructosamine........................................................................................................................... 21
5.4 Evaluatie van de nierfunctie .......................................................................................................... 21
5.4.1 Creatinine ................................................................................................................................ 21
5.4.2 Cystatine C .............................................................................................................................. 22
5.4.3 Ureum ..................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4.4 Urinezuur ................................................................................................................................. 23
5.5 Serumeiwitten en paraproteïnen................................................................................................... 23
5.5.1 Totaal eiwit .............................................................................................................................. 23
5.5.2 Albumine ................................................................................................................................. 23
5.5.3 Serumeiwitelektroforese .......................................................................................................... 24
5.5.4 Vrije lichte ketens ..................................................................................................................... 26
5.5.5 C-reactief proteïne ................................................................................................................... 26
5.5.6 Procalcitonine.......................................................................................................................... 27
5.6 Elektrolyten ................................................................................................................................. 27
5.6.1 Natrium ................................................................................................................................... 27
5.6.2 Kalium ..................................................................................................................................... 27
5.6.3 Chloride ................................................................................................................................... 28
5.6.4 Anion gap ................................................................................................................................. 28
5.6.5 Osmolaliteit ............................................................................................................................. 28
5.6.6 Calcium en fosfaat ................................................................................................................... 29
5.6.7 Magnesium .............................................................................................................................. 29
5.7 Leverfunctie ................................................................................................................................. 30
5.7.1 Bilirubine ................................................................................................................................. 30
5.7.2 Lactaatdehydrogenase (LDH) ................................................................................................... 30
5.7.3 Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) en aspartaat aminotransferase (AST)........................................ 31
5.7.4 Gamma-glutamyltransferase .................................................................................................... 31
5.7.5 Alkalisch fosfatase ................................................................................................................... 31
5.7.6 Ammonia ................................................................................................................................. 32
5.7.7 Pseudocholinesterase – dibucaïnegetal .................................................................................... 32
5.8 Pancreasfunctie........................................................................................................................... 32
5.8.1 Amylase en lipase .................................................................................................................... 32
5.9 Acuut myocardinfarct en hartfalen................................................................................................ 33
5.9.1 Creatine kinase (CK) ................................................................................................................. 33
5.9.2 Troponine ................................................................................................................................ 33
5.9.3 Brain natriuretisch peptide ....................................................................................................... 34
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, 5.10 Evaluatie van de schildklierfunctie ................................................................................................ 34
5.10.1 TSH en FT4 ........................................................................................................................... 34
5.10.2 Thyreoglobuline .................................................................................................................... 34
5.11 Lipiden en lipoproteïnen ............................................................................................................... 35
5.11.1 Cholesterol .......................................................................................................................... 36
5.11.2 HDL-cholesterol ................................................................................................................... 36
5.11.3 LDL-cholesterol ................................................................................................................... 36
5.11.4 Triglyceriden ........................................................................................................................ 36
5.11.5 Lp(a) .................................................................................................................................... 36
5.12 Tumormerkers ............................................................................................................................. 37
5.12.1 Prostaat specifiek antigen (PSA) ............................................................................................ 38
5.13 Urineonderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 39
5.13.1 Macroscopisch onderzoek .................................................................................................... 39
5.13.2 Semi-kwantitatief onderzoek ................................................................................................ 39
5.13.3 Urinesediment (microscopie)................................................................................................ 39
5.13.4 Dosage van specifieke urinaire eiwitten ................................................................................. 39
5.13.5 Urine elektroforese ............................................................................................................... 39
5.14 Onderzoek van cerebrospinaal, ascites en pleuravocht ................................................................. 40
5.14.1 Cerebrospinaal vocht ........................................................................................................... 40
5.14.2 Ascites ................................................................................................................................. 40
5.14.3 Pleuravocht.......................................................................................................................... 40
5.15 Onderzoek van faeces .................................................................................................................. 41
5.15.1 Occult bloed ........................................................................................................................ 41
5.15.2 Calprotectine ....................................................................................................................... 41
6. Basis van de praktische bloedtransfusie ............................................................................................... 43
6.1 Bloedgroepen .............................................................................................................................. 43
6.1.1 ABO-systeem ........................................................................................................................... 43
6.1.2 Rhesussysteem........................................................................................................................ 43
6.1.3 Andere klinische belangrijke bloedgroepsystemen .................................................................... 44
6.1.4 Bloedgroepantistoffen .............................................................................................................. 44
6.1.5 Klinisch belang antistoffen ....................................................................................................... 44
6.1.6 Bereiding van bloedcomponenten ............................................................................................ 46
6.1.7 Elektrocytentransfusie ............................................................................................................. 46
6.1.8 Bloedgroepbepalingen ............................................................................................................. 47
6.1.9 Compatibiliteitsonderzoek ....................................................................................................... 50
6.1.10 Directe antiglobulinetest ...................................................................................................... 51




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