TABLE OF CONTENTS
definitions..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
(Melton 1963).......................................................................................................................................................................................2
ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN 1968 (Mums bday)-MSM Multi-store model..............................................................................................2
SENSORY STORE.....................................................................................................................................................................................2
ICONIC MEMORY- VISUAL STORE.................................................................................................................................................2
RECENCY AND PRIMACY EFFECT (Murdock 1967)............................................................................................................................3
MSM EVALUATION............................................................................................................................................................................3
WORKING MEMORY- Alan BADDELEY & Graham HITCH 74.................................................................................................................3
Episodic buffer......................................................................................................................................................................................5
Distinctiveness..................................................................................................................................................................................6
Limitations ☹....................................................................................................................................................................................8
Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) (Morris 1977)..........................................................................................................................8
LIMITATIONS:....................................................................................................................................................................................8
Recognition memory: diana ea 7- recognise based on its percieved mem strength.......................................................................9
EPISODIC MEMORY tulving 2- more vunerable................................................................................................................................9
semantic memory Concepts: rosch ea 76- 3 levels...............................................................................................................................9
the hub and spoke hypothesis patterson ea 7- Is a limitation of barsalou......................................................................................9
Procedural memory foerde and poldrack 9 – lot of types.............................................................................................................10
PRIMING..........................................................................................................................................................................................10
Priming processes...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Implicit Memory and Mental Health...................................................................................................................................................10
PTSD................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Eyewitness testimony and memory bias......................................................................................................................11
Factors affecting EWT: ANXIETY.....................................................................................................................................................12
cog interviews.................................................................................................................................................................................12
Causes of Amnesia..........................................................................................................................................................................13
Types of Amnesia............................................................................................................................................................................13
DEFINITIONS
● Explicit people consciously retrieve past experiences.
o Semantic A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
Binder & Desai 2011- Meanings and associations.
o Episodic what, where, and when relating to a single past experience (Clayton and Dickinson 1998).
Autobiographical. prone to various kinds of errors and illusions (Tulving, 2002) Holland and Kensinger 2010) –
emotion and episodic mem are linked. Can influence the way an event is remembered and emptions at time of
retrieval influence how it is recalled. --> link Becks cognitive triad 1976
● Flashbulb memory: a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which
a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. (brown and Kulik 1977) The
reliance on retrospective data questions the reliability of this study. People tend to interpret an event from their
current perspective. --> vivid and confidence but not consistency (Rubin 2003).
, o (rubin 2003) confidence not consistency! . flashbulb event reliably enhances memory characteristics such as
vividness and confidence. The true “mystery,” then, is not why flashbulb memories are so accurate for so long,
as Brown and Kulik (1977) thought, but why people are so confident for so long in the accuracy of their
flashbulb memories.
● Personal relevance:🡪 86% of British participants held flashbulb memories of Thatcher’s recognition after 11 months
(Conway et al, 1994)
● Accuracy: Only 12% could recall the details of her resignation (Wright et al, 1998) Misremembering
1st model of memory = William James (1842-1910. Primary memory (now STM) and secondary memory now (LTM)
(MELTON 1963)
Encoding, storage and retrieval. Tulving and Pearlstone 66- retrieval induces forgetting -remembering is reconstructive.
ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN 1968 (MUMS BDAY)-MSM MULTI-STORE MODEL
Memory is processed by 3 stores. Brain is like a computer- info processed in a linear way through the stores.
● Sensory Store → Modality specific- processes environmental stimulation.
o Attention- or it decays. 0.5-2seconds (TRIESMAN 1968) then Crowder 1993 said different modalities had
different durations. 2 components, ichonic store- visual info 500ms (Sperling 1960) and echoic store (200ms
Triesman 1964)
● Short-Term Store → Limited capacity- Masachusetts Millars 1956 7+-2
o Rehearsal- or displacement. Direct relationship between amount of rehearsal in STS and strength of stored
memory trace in LTM
o Duration (Peterson and Peterson 1959) 90% recall 3 sec, 0% 9 seconds when trigram task stops rehearsal
● Long-Term Store → Unlimited capacity
FORGETTING MECHANISMS- when retrieval is unsuccessful
1. Theory of trace decay and displacement (Brown 1958) is when forgetting occurs in STM due to a lack of capacity. New
info displaces old info which is forgotten. Millers magical no. 7 +-2 1956
2. Interference🡪 previous or new memories interfere causing forgetting (Baddeley 1999). Suggests LTM may be
confused/combined information during encoding distorting/disrupting the memory.
a. Contemporaries of Brown such as Melton 1963 claimed all forgetting could be explained through processes
involving interfering information
SENSORY STORE
Sensory stores for taste and smell = much less research.
Sperling 1963- masking. Perception/storage of info influenced by events before presentation (forward) or after (backward
masking). Brighter light during interval = interference 🡪poorer mem performance.
ICONIC MEMORY- VISUAL STORE
● Sperling (1960) -iconic memory decays after 500 milliseconds. – WRONG? Underestimated iconic mem
● iconic memory = preattentive, Accepted by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
● ☹ Persuh et al. (2012) iconic memory storage disrupted if attending to another task at the same time. 2 cannot be
stored at the same time- Ruban Vase Illusion.
ECHOIC MEMORY- Loannides et al 2003🡪(L)-2s(R)
SHORT-TERM STORE- Capacity is limited by how much is debated.
☹Lack of distinction between items and chunks. E.g. can remember words without the individual letters. Chunk concepet =
vague (Mathy 2012). Found we recall 3-4 chunks not 7
☹ Capacity estimates are often inflated because of rehearsal transferring it to LTM
definitions..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
(Melton 1963).......................................................................................................................................................................................2
ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN 1968 (Mums bday)-MSM Multi-store model..............................................................................................2
SENSORY STORE.....................................................................................................................................................................................2
ICONIC MEMORY- VISUAL STORE.................................................................................................................................................2
RECENCY AND PRIMACY EFFECT (Murdock 1967)............................................................................................................................3
MSM EVALUATION............................................................................................................................................................................3
WORKING MEMORY- Alan BADDELEY & Graham HITCH 74.................................................................................................................3
Episodic buffer......................................................................................................................................................................................5
Distinctiveness..................................................................................................................................................................................6
Limitations ☹....................................................................................................................................................................................8
Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) (Morris 1977)..........................................................................................................................8
LIMITATIONS:....................................................................................................................................................................................8
Recognition memory: diana ea 7- recognise based on its percieved mem strength.......................................................................9
EPISODIC MEMORY tulving 2- more vunerable................................................................................................................................9
semantic memory Concepts: rosch ea 76- 3 levels...............................................................................................................................9
the hub and spoke hypothesis patterson ea 7- Is a limitation of barsalou......................................................................................9
Procedural memory foerde and poldrack 9 – lot of types.............................................................................................................10
PRIMING..........................................................................................................................................................................................10
Priming processes...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Implicit Memory and Mental Health...................................................................................................................................................10
PTSD................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Eyewitness testimony and memory bias......................................................................................................................11
Factors affecting EWT: ANXIETY.....................................................................................................................................................12
cog interviews.................................................................................................................................................................................12
Causes of Amnesia..........................................................................................................................................................................13
Types of Amnesia............................................................................................................................................................................13
DEFINITIONS
● Explicit people consciously retrieve past experiences.
o Semantic A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
Binder & Desai 2011- Meanings and associations.
o Episodic what, where, and when relating to a single past experience (Clayton and Dickinson 1998).
Autobiographical. prone to various kinds of errors and illusions (Tulving, 2002) Holland and Kensinger 2010) –
emotion and episodic mem are linked. Can influence the way an event is remembered and emptions at time of
retrieval influence how it is recalled. --> link Becks cognitive triad 1976
● Flashbulb memory: a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which
a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. (brown and Kulik 1977) The
reliance on retrospective data questions the reliability of this study. People tend to interpret an event from their
current perspective. --> vivid and confidence but not consistency (Rubin 2003).
, o (rubin 2003) confidence not consistency! . flashbulb event reliably enhances memory characteristics such as
vividness and confidence. The true “mystery,” then, is not why flashbulb memories are so accurate for so long,
as Brown and Kulik (1977) thought, but why people are so confident for so long in the accuracy of their
flashbulb memories.
● Personal relevance:🡪 86% of British participants held flashbulb memories of Thatcher’s recognition after 11 months
(Conway et al, 1994)
● Accuracy: Only 12% could recall the details of her resignation (Wright et al, 1998) Misremembering
1st model of memory = William James (1842-1910. Primary memory (now STM) and secondary memory now (LTM)
(MELTON 1963)
Encoding, storage and retrieval. Tulving and Pearlstone 66- retrieval induces forgetting -remembering is reconstructive.
ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN 1968 (MUMS BDAY)-MSM MULTI-STORE MODEL
Memory is processed by 3 stores. Brain is like a computer- info processed in a linear way through the stores.
● Sensory Store → Modality specific- processes environmental stimulation.
o Attention- or it decays. 0.5-2seconds (TRIESMAN 1968) then Crowder 1993 said different modalities had
different durations. 2 components, ichonic store- visual info 500ms (Sperling 1960) and echoic store (200ms
Triesman 1964)
● Short-Term Store → Limited capacity- Masachusetts Millars 1956 7+-2
o Rehearsal- or displacement. Direct relationship between amount of rehearsal in STS and strength of stored
memory trace in LTM
o Duration (Peterson and Peterson 1959) 90% recall 3 sec, 0% 9 seconds when trigram task stops rehearsal
● Long-Term Store → Unlimited capacity
FORGETTING MECHANISMS- when retrieval is unsuccessful
1. Theory of trace decay and displacement (Brown 1958) is when forgetting occurs in STM due to a lack of capacity. New
info displaces old info which is forgotten. Millers magical no. 7 +-2 1956
2. Interference🡪 previous or new memories interfere causing forgetting (Baddeley 1999). Suggests LTM may be
confused/combined information during encoding distorting/disrupting the memory.
a. Contemporaries of Brown such as Melton 1963 claimed all forgetting could be explained through processes
involving interfering information
SENSORY STORE
Sensory stores for taste and smell = much less research.
Sperling 1963- masking. Perception/storage of info influenced by events before presentation (forward) or after (backward
masking). Brighter light during interval = interference 🡪poorer mem performance.
ICONIC MEMORY- VISUAL STORE
● Sperling (1960) -iconic memory decays after 500 milliseconds. – WRONG? Underestimated iconic mem
● iconic memory = preattentive, Accepted by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
● ☹ Persuh et al. (2012) iconic memory storage disrupted if attending to another task at the same time. 2 cannot be
stored at the same time- Ruban Vase Illusion.
ECHOIC MEMORY- Loannides et al 2003🡪(L)-2s(R)
SHORT-TERM STORE- Capacity is limited by how much is debated.
☹Lack of distinction between items and chunks. E.g. can remember words without the individual letters. Chunk concepet =
vague (Mathy 2012). Found we recall 3-4 chunks not 7
☹ Capacity estimates are often inflated because of rehearsal transferring it to LTM
