College Biology
Chapter Summaries, Learning Execises
with Answers, and Key Terminology
A Supplement to College Biology (Volumes 1 - 3)
A Textbookequity.org open education publication.
"Fearlessly copy, print, remix"(tm)
www.textbookequity.org/tbq_biology/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
To attribute: Source material from http://textbookequity.org
Download the full color pdf (volumes 1 through 3) and purchase a black and white print copy at
http://textbookequity.org
Original e-file provided by Rice University's OpenStax College under a Creative Commons
License (CC BY).
, Summaries, Exercises, Chapter 20: Phylogenies and the History of
Life 562
Answers Chapter 21: Viruses 580
Chapter 1: The Study of Life 36 Chapter 22: Prokaryotes: Bacteria and
Chapter 2: The Chemical Foundation of Archaea 615
Life 69 Chapter 23: Protists 649
Chapter 3: Biological Macromolecules 107 Chapter 24: Fungi 681
Chapter 4: Cell Structure 142 Chapter 25: Seedless Plants 710
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Chapter 26: Seed Plants 728
Plasma Membranes 171 Chapter 27: Introduction to Animal
Chapter 6: Metabolism 198 Diversity 762
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration 226 Chapter 28: Invertebrates 812
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 248 Chapter 29: Vertebrates 854
Chapter 9: Cell Communication 274 Chapter 30: Plant Form and Physiology
Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction 302 900
Chapter 11: Meiosis and Sexual Chapter 31: Soil and Plant Nutrition 921
Reprodution 321 Chapter 32: Plant Reproduction 962
Chapter 12: Mendel's Experiments and Chapter 33: The Animal Body: Basic Form
Heredity 254 and Function 978
Chapter 13: Modern Understandings of Chapter 34: Animal Nutrition and the
Inheritance 374 Digestive System 1008
Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Function Chapter 35: The Nervous System 1082
400 Chapter 36: Sensory Systems 1095
Chapter 15: Genes and Proteins 426 Chapter 37: The Endocrine System 1119
Chapter 16: Gene Expression 450 Chapter 38: The Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 17: Biotechnology and Genomics 1162
480 Chapter 39: The Respiratory System 1190
Chapter 18: Evolution and the Origin of Chapter 40: The Circulatory System 1216
Species 507 Chapter 41: Osmotic Regulation and
Chapter 19: The Evolution of Populations Excretion 1239
529 Chapter 42: The Immune System 1275
,Chapter 43: Animal Reproduction and
Development 1312
Chapter 44: Ecology and the Biosphere
1349
Chapter 45: Population and Community
Ecology 1400
Chapter 46: Ecosystems 1430
Chapter 47: Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity 1461
Answers 1469 - 1494
Key Terms 2000 - 2080
Note on page numbering: Page numbers, which may have gaps, are the same
as in the original textbook, making for easy reference.
, 36 CHAPTER 1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1.1 The Science of Biology
Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their
environments. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part
by rational means. Science has many fields; those fields related to the physical world and its
phenomena are considered natural sciences.
Science can be basic or applied. The main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any
expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. The primary goal of applied research,
however, is to solve practical problems.
Two types of logical reasoning are used in science. Inductive reasoning uses particular results to
produce general scientific principles. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts
results by applying general principles. The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of
the scientific method, a step-based process that consists of making observations, defining a problem,
posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and drawing one or more conclusions. The testing uses
proper controls. Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific
journals. A scientific research paper consists of several well-defined sections: introduction, materials
and methods, results, and, finally, a concluding discussion. Review papers summarize the research done
in a particular field over a period of time.
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biology is the science of life. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity
or response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy
processing. Living things are highly organized parts of a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations,
communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The great diversity of life today evolved from less-diverse
ancestral organisms over billions of years. A diagram called a phylogenetic tree can be used to show
evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Biology is very broad and includes many branches and subdisciplines. Examples include molecular
biology, microbiology, neurobiology, zoology, and botany, among others.
ART CONNECTION QUESTIONS
1. Figure 1.6 In the example below, the scientific 2. Figure 1.7 Decide if each of the following is an
method is used to solve an everyday problem. example of inductive or deductive reasoning.
Order the scientific method steps (numbered
items) with the process of solving the everyday 1. All flying birds and insects have wings.
problem (lettered items). Based on the results of Birds and insects flap their wings as
the experiment, is the hypothesis correct? If it is they move through the air. Therefore,
incorrect, propose some alternative hypotheses. wings enable flight.
2. Insects generally survive mild winters
1. Observation better than harsh ones. Therefore, insect
2. Question pests will become more problematic if
3. Hypothesis (answer) global temperatures increase.
4. Prediction 3. Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA,
5. Experiment separate into daughter cells during cell
6. Result division. Therefore, DNA is the genetic
material.
a. There is something wrong with the 4. Animals as diverse as humans, insects,
electrical outlet. and wolves all exhibit social behavior.
b. If something is wrong with the outlet, Therefore, social behavior must have an
my coffeemaker also won’t work when evolutionary advantage.
plugged into it.
3. Figure 1.16 Which of the following statements
c. My toaster doesn’t toast my bread.
is false?
d. I plug my coffee maker into the outlet.
a. Tissues exist within organs which exist
e. My coffeemaker works.
within organ systems.
f. Why doesn’t my toaster work work?
b. Communities exist within populations
which exist within ecosystems.
This content is available for free at http://textbookequity.org/tbq_biology/ or at http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest/
Chapter Summaries, Learning Execises
with Answers, and Key Terminology
A Supplement to College Biology (Volumes 1 - 3)
A Textbookequity.org open education publication.
"Fearlessly copy, print, remix"(tm)
www.textbookequity.org/tbq_biology/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
To attribute: Source material from http://textbookequity.org
Download the full color pdf (volumes 1 through 3) and purchase a black and white print copy at
http://textbookequity.org
Original e-file provided by Rice University's OpenStax College under a Creative Commons
License (CC BY).
, Summaries, Exercises, Chapter 20: Phylogenies and the History of
Life 562
Answers Chapter 21: Viruses 580
Chapter 1: The Study of Life 36 Chapter 22: Prokaryotes: Bacteria and
Chapter 2: The Chemical Foundation of Archaea 615
Life 69 Chapter 23: Protists 649
Chapter 3: Biological Macromolecules 107 Chapter 24: Fungi 681
Chapter 4: Cell Structure 142 Chapter 25: Seedless Plants 710
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Chapter 26: Seed Plants 728
Plasma Membranes 171 Chapter 27: Introduction to Animal
Chapter 6: Metabolism 198 Diversity 762
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration 226 Chapter 28: Invertebrates 812
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 248 Chapter 29: Vertebrates 854
Chapter 9: Cell Communication 274 Chapter 30: Plant Form and Physiology
Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction 302 900
Chapter 11: Meiosis and Sexual Chapter 31: Soil and Plant Nutrition 921
Reprodution 321 Chapter 32: Plant Reproduction 962
Chapter 12: Mendel's Experiments and Chapter 33: The Animal Body: Basic Form
Heredity 254 and Function 978
Chapter 13: Modern Understandings of Chapter 34: Animal Nutrition and the
Inheritance 374 Digestive System 1008
Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Function Chapter 35: The Nervous System 1082
400 Chapter 36: Sensory Systems 1095
Chapter 15: Genes and Proteins 426 Chapter 37: The Endocrine System 1119
Chapter 16: Gene Expression 450 Chapter 38: The Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 17: Biotechnology and Genomics 1162
480 Chapter 39: The Respiratory System 1190
Chapter 18: Evolution and the Origin of Chapter 40: The Circulatory System 1216
Species 507 Chapter 41: Osmotic Regulation and
Chapter 19: The Evolution of Populations Excretion 1239
529 Chapter 42: The Immune System 1275
,Chapter 43: Animal Reproduction and
Development 1312
Chapter 44: Ecology and the Biosphere
1349
Chapter 45: Population and Community
Ecology 1400
Chapter 46: Ecosystems 1430
Chapter 47: Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity 1461
Answers 1469 - 1494
Key Terms 2000 - 2080
Note on page numbering: Page numbers, which may have gaps, are the same
as in the original textbook, making for easy reference.
, 36 CHAPTER 1 | THE STUDY OF LIFE
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1.1 The Science of Biology
Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their
environments. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part
by rational means. Science has many fields; those fields related to the physical world and its
phenomena are considered natural sciences.
Science can be basic or applied. The main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any
expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. The primary goal of applied research,
however, is to solve practical problems.
Two types of logical reasoning are used in science. Inductive reasoning uses particular results to
produce general scientific principles. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts
results by applying general principles. The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of
the scientific method, a step-based process that consists of making observations, defining a problem,
posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and drawing one or more conclusions. The testing uses
proper controls. Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific
journals. A scientific research paper consists of several well-defined sections: introduction, materials
and methods, results, and, finally, a concluding discussion. Review papers summarize the research done
in a particular field over a period of time.
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biology is the science of life. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity
or response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy
processing. Living things are highly organized parts of a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations,
communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The great diversity of life today evolved from less-diverse
ancestral organisms over billions of years. A diagram called a phylogenetic tree can be used to show
evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Biology is very broad and includes many branches and subdisciplines. Examples include molecular
biology, microbiology, neurobiology, zoology, and botany, among others.
ART CONNECTION QUESTIONS
1. Figure 1.6 In the example below, the scientific 2. Figure 1.7 Decide if each of the following is an
method is used to solve an everyday problem. example of inductive or deductive reasoning.
Order the scientific method steps (numbered
items) with the process of solving the everyday 1. All flying birds and insects have wings.
problem (lettered items). Based on the results of Birds and insects flap their wings as
the experiment, is the hypothesis correct? If it is they move through the air. Therefore,
incorrect, propose some alternative hypotheses. wings enable flight.
2. Insects generally survive mild winters
1. Observation better than harsh ones. Therefore, insect
2. Question pests will become more problematic if
3. Hypothesis (answer) global temperatures increase.
4. Prediction 3. Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA,
5. Experiment separate into daughter cells during cell
6. Result division. Therefore, DNA is the genetic
material.
a. There is something wrong with the 4. Animals as diverse as humans, insects,
electrical outlet. and wolves all exhibit social behavior.
b. If something is wrong with the outlet, Therefore, social behavior must have an
my coffeemaker also won’t work when evolutionary advantage.
plugged into it.
3. Figure 1.16 Which of the following statements
c. My toaster doesn’t toast my bread.
is false?
d. I plug my coffee maker into the outlet.
a. Tissues exist within organs which exist
e. My coffeemaker works.
within organ systems.
f. Why doesn’t my toaster work work?
b. Communities exist within populations
which exist within ecosystems.
This content is available for free at http://textbookequity.org/tbq_biology/ or at http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest/
