What is urbanisation? - Wars and civil strife cause fleeing
- Increase in the proportion of people Pull factors of rural-urban migration
living in cities or towns - Better employment in factories and
Physical factors causing it service industries, better paid work
- Good climate means food can be increasingly high demand for
produced unskilled labour in cities
- Good farming land - Informal sector e.g. selling on street
- Raw materials - Better quality social provisions e.g.
- Not many natural hazards education, tourism, entertainment,
- Natural increase, population growth healthcare
Economic factors - Perceived better quality of life
- Good trade links Urbanisation consequences
- No dept - Urban sprawl and suburbanisation
- Supply of resources - Shortage of housing in LICs
- Migration - Lack of urban services and waste
- Push and pull factors disposal
What is counter-urbanisation? - Unemployment and under
- Movement of people out of cities into employment
rural areas - Transport issues
How has urban population changed Urban sprawl negative impacts
since 1945? - Requires more roads and pipes - less
- 1950 746 million to 8 billion 2021 economically efficient to support low
- Most urbanised regions are Northern density rural areas compared to
America, 82% living in urban regions compact urban areas
2014, Latin America 80%, Europe - Wildlife habitat loss
73% - More commuting to suburbs and so
- Africa and Asia remail mainly rural, more congestion and pollution in city
40% 48% living in urban areas. Likely - Increased pollution due to cars may
to change over next 50 years – cause urban heat island effect and
they’re the fasting growing urban increase temp
areas - Loss of farmland and open spaces,
- 3 countries are expected to account loss of local food – greater food miles
for 37% of projected growth of the - Impacts water quality and quantity
world’s urban population 2014-2050 as rural areas covered in
- India, 4040m increase, China 292m, impermeable surfaces so rainwater
Nigeria 212m doesn’t soak into ground and refill
What is Urban Growth? groundwater aquifers
- Increase in the number of urban - Decentralisation – movement of
dwellers. Classifications depend on industries and businesses outwards –
census, normally on causes retail decline in city centres
- population size/density, average and increase homogenisation of
distance between buildings within a landscape
settlement and legal and How are cities developing in terms of
administrative boundaries building?
How has distribution of population in - Technological advances mean that
rural and urban areas changed? major cities are developing upwards
- 1950s – 30% people lived in urban for offices, residential and
areas. 2014 over 50% lived in towns commercial space e.g. Burj Khalifa
or cities 828m
What are the economic processes
Push factors associated with urbanisation?
- Population growth, farming, soil - Cities attract migrants due to better
erosion is poor paid job opportunities
- Agricultural issues e.g. - Businesses grow and become more
desertification profitable, leading to more jobs,
- High levels of local diseases and higher wages
inadequate medical provision - Commercial farming is the primary
- Natural disasters method of food production
, What are the social processes traffic congestion, polluted water
associated with urbanisation? courses, flooding, spread of disease
- Cities have higher living standards, - 2015 5% of piped water reached
centres of cultural expression, slum areas in 42 Indian cities and
migration increases diversity towns e.g. New Delhi
What are the technological processes - Waste disposal – as the amount
associated with urbanisation? increases in cities, they’re less
- Urban areas are hotspots for capable to deal with it e.g. Addis
technological advances Ababa Ethiopia, authorities only deal
- Large numbers of tech industries with 2/3 rubbish, left rest to private
that have emerge offering contractors or left on street – health
specialised, highly paying jobs e.g. hazard
Silicone valley, California e.g. Telsa What causes unemployment and
underemployment?
- Many people who move to cities are
young – increases pressure to create
sufficient jobs
What are the political processes - When a migrant moves into a new
associated with urbanisation? city, they may work in a job that
- urban growth may create bigger doesn’t make full use of their skills
inequalities and abilities
- new political movements are being What transport issues does
made to represent the working class urbanisation cause?
– manufacturing jobs - Increased traffic, more congestion
What are the demographic processes and pollution damaging human
associated with urbanisation? health and wasting money on lost
- Cities are larger and wealthier, productivity
attracting more migrants making - Suburbanisation has increased
areas more culturally an ethnically morning and evening commuters,
diverse. traffic flows for shopping and other
- New areas emerge e.g. China Town commercial services
NYC - 1960s car boom – more and wider
What causes a shortage of housing in roads built which attracts more cars
LICs? What is suburbanisation?
- Population density is high so causes - Movement of people from city centre
accommodation shortage – large to rural-urban fringe
areas of informal and inadequate What caused suburbanisation?
housing develops - Growth in public transport and
- Develops on edge of city which is ownership of private cars
prone to natural hazards e.g. - Railway lines and arterial roads
flooding making commuting easier
- Found adjacent to transport networks Why were green belts created?
meaning high pollution - 1940s. 1930s had few planning
- Limited access to basic infrastructure controls and urban growth occurred
like electricity and water next to main roads
What causes a shortage of housing in How has suburban expansion
HICs? increased?
- Higher demand for accommodation - Late 1950s-60 large scale
increases house prices construction of council housing took
- 2010-2015 prices increased by 50% place on suburban fringe
in London fuelled by migration, - 1970s more ownership – private
gentrification, purchasing of property housing estates built on urban
by wealth foreign investors fringes
What causes lack of urban services - Car ownership increased, edges of
and waste disposal in urban areas? town had land for parking so became
- Financial restraints in LICs results in preferred location for offices and
lack of basic services like water factories
- Maintenance of infrastructure is Why do people move to the suburbs?
limited e.g. roads and sewers – cause
- Increase in the proportion of people Pull factors of rural-urban migration
living in cities or towns - Better employment in factories and
Physical factors causing it service industries, better paid work
- Good climate means food can be increasingly high demand for
produced unskilled labour in cities
- Good farming land - Informal sector e.g. selling on street
- Raw materials - Better quality social provisions e.g.
- Not many natural hazards education, tourism, entertainment,
- Natural increase, population growth healthcare
Economic factors - Perceived better quality of life
- Good trade links Urbanisation consequences
- No dept - Urban sprawl and suburbanisation
- Supply of resources - Shortage of housing in LICs
- Migration - Lack of urban services and waste
- Push and pull factors disposal
What is counter-urbanisation? - Unemployment and under
- Movement of people out of cities into employment
rural areas - Transport issues
How has urban population changed Urban sprawl negative impacts
since 1945? - Requires more roads and pipes - less
- 1950 746 million to 8 billion 2021 economically efficient to support low
- Most urbanised regions are Northern density rural areas compared to
America, 82% living in urban regions compact urban areas
2014, Latin America 80%, Europe - Wildlife habitat loss
73% - More commuting to suburbs and so
- Africa and Asia remail mainly rural, more congestion and pollution in city
40% 48% living in urban areas. Likely - Increased pollution due to cars may
to change over next 50 years – cause urban heat island effect and
they’re the fasting growing urban increase temp
areas - Loss of farmland and open spaces,
- 3 countries are expected to account loss of local food – greater food miles
for 37% of projected growth of the - Impacts water quality and quantity
world’s urban population 2014-2050 as rural areas covered in
- India, 4040m increase, China 292m, impermeable surfaces so rainwater
Nigeria 212m doesn’t soak into ground and refill
What is Urban Growth? groundwater aquifers
- Increase in the number of urban - Decentralisation – movement of
dwellers. Classifications depend on industries and businesses outwards –
census, normally on causes retail decline in city centres
- population size/density, average and increase homogenisation of
distance between buildings within a landscape
settlement and legal and How are cities developing in terms of
administrative boundaries building?
How has distribution of population in - Technological advances mean that
rural and urban areas changed? major cities are developing upwards
- 1950s – 30% people lived in urban for offices, residential and
areas. 2014 over 50% lived in towns commercial space e.g. Burj Khalifa
or cities 828m
What are the economic processes
Push factors associated with urbanisation?
- Population growth, farming, soil - Cities attract migrants due to better
erosion is poor paid job opportunities
- Agricultural issues e.g. - Businesses grow and become more
desertification profitable, leading to more jobs,
- High levels of local diseases and higher wages
inadequate medical provision - Commercial farming is the primary
- Natural disasters method of food production
, What are the social processes traffic congestion, polluted water
associated with urbanisation? courses, flooding, spread of disease
- Cities have higher living standards, - 2015 5% of piped water reached
centres of cultural expression, slum areas in 42 Indian cities and
migration increases diversity towns e.g. New Delhi
What are the technological processes - Waste disposal – as the amount
associated with urbanisation? increases in cities, they’re less
- Urban areas are hotspots for capable to deal with it e.g. Addis
technological advances Ababa Ethiopia, authorities only deal
- Large numbers of tech industries with 2/3 rubbish, left rest to private
that have emerge offering contractors or left on street – health
specialised, highly paying jobs e.g. hazard
Silicone valley, California e.g. Telsa What causes unemployment and
underemployment?
- Many people who move to cities are
young – increases pressure to create
sufficient jobs
What are the political processes - When a migrant moves into a new
associated with urbanisation? city, they may work in a job that
- urban growth may create bigger doesn’t make full use of their skills
inequalities and abilities
- new political movements are being What transport issues does
made to represent the working class urbanisation cause?
– manufacturing jobs - Increased traffic, more congestion
What are the demographic processes and pollution damaging human
associated with urbanisation? health and wasting money on lost
- Cities are larger and wealthier, productivity
attracting more migrants making - Suburbanisation has increased
areas more culturally an ethnically morning and evening commuters,
diverse. traffic flows for shopping and other
- New areas emerge e.g. China Town commercial services
NYC - 1960s car boom – more and wider
What causes a shortage of housing in roads built which attracts more cars
LICs? What is suburbanisation?
- Population density is high so causes - Movement of people from city centre
accommodation shortage – large to rural-urban fringe
areas of informal and inadequate What caused suburbanisation?
housing develops - Growth in public transport and
- Develops on edge of city which is ownership of private cars
prone to natural hazards e.g. - Railway lines and arterial roads
flooding making commuting easier
- Found adjacent to transport networks Why were green belts created?
meaning high pollution - 1940s. 1930s had few planning
- Limited access to basic infrastructure controls and urban growth occurred
like electricity and water next to main roads
What causes a shortage of housing in How has suburban expansion
HICs? increased?
- Higher demand for accommodation - Late 1950s-60 large scale
increases house prices construction of council housing took
- 2010-2015 prices increased by 50% place on suburban fringe
in London fuelled by migration, - 1970s more ownership – private
gentrification, purchasing of property housing estates built on urban
by wealth foreign investors fringes
What causes lack of urban services - Car ownership increased, edges of
and waste disposal in urban areas? town had land for parking so became
- Financial restraints in LICs results in preferred location for offices and
lack of basic services like water factories
- Maintenance of infrastructure is Why do people move to the suburbs?
limited e.g. roads and sewers – cause
