PNB 2274 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
does this class suck? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep
structures
microscopic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅requires magnification
cytology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅study of cells
histology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅study of tissue
physiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅function
the structure of capillary walls, - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅below- above
rostral- caudal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front- back
anterior - posterior - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front- back
,ventral- dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front-back
medial -lateral - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or
point of attachment
superficial -deep - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅toward and away from the body surface
coronal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into front and back
transverse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into left and right
homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅monitor the internal environment and correct as
needed
cellular level - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅local control
organ and organism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅input (input signal)->controller
(integrating center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control centers
,integrators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅possess a set point
set points - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output -
>target -> response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅2 primary hormones
insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅raises blood glucose levels
feedback - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to
its input in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
, negative feedback loops - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A feedback loop in which a system responds to a
change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT OFF
ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅body temp rises ->body sweats more -
>body temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
positive feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes a system to change further in the same
direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
plasma membrane structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hydrophilic head group
does this class suck? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅structure
what are the walls of blood capillaries composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅thin epithelium
simple squamous
gross anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅what we see with the unaided eye, superficial and deep
structures
microscopic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅requires magnification
cytology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅study of cells
histology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅study of tissue
physiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅function
the structure of capillary walls, - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅promotes nutrient and waste exchange
inferior-superior - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅below- above
rostral- caudal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front- back
anterior - posterior - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front- back
,ventral- dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅front-back
medial -lateral - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅towards middle- away from middle
proximal- distal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or
point of attachment
superficial -deep - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅toward and away from the body surface
coronal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into front and back
transverse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into upper and lower
midsaggital - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅divides into left and right
homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment even though the external environment changes
homeostatic control systems - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅monitor the internal environment and correct as
needed
cellular level - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅local control
organ and organism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reflex control, long distance signaling
3 major components of a control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅input (input signal)->controller
(integrating center)-> output (output signal)
the integrators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control centers
,integrators - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅possess a set point
set points - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅can be modified. a fever regulates back to set point, acclimatization
regulates environmental temperature
full response loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅stimulus-> sensor ->input -> integrating center -> output -
>target -> response
heart rate homeostasis is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅antagonistic homeostasis control
sympathetic nerves - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅increase heart rate
parasympathetic nerves - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decrease heart rate
glucose homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅2 primary hormones
insulin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅lowers blood glucose levels
`glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅raises blood glucose levels
feedback - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅process in which some part of the output of a system is returned to
its input in order to regulate its further output
open loop control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control unit ->driver -> motor
closed loop control system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅control unit ->driver -> motor -> circles back
, negative feedback loops - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A feedback loop in which a system responds to a
change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system. SHUT OFF
ORIGINAL INPUT
example of negative feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅body temp rises ->body sweats more -
>body temp drops
most common type of feedback loop? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅negative feedback
is negative feedback self terminating? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
positive feedback loop - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Causes a system to change further in the same
direction.
Occurs when the output of a system acts to increase changes to the input of the system.
AMPLIFIES STIMULUS
example of positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅lactation, childbirth, orgasm
produce more instability in the body
does positive feedback self terminate? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅not really
is blood clotting positive feedback? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅yes
plasma membrane structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅hydrophilic head group
