ATI TEAS 6 - SCIENCE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024/25 (A+ STUDY GUIDE)

ATI TEAS 6 - SCIENCE HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Hierarchy of Structures



Lowest Hierarchy level is atOrganelles within a cell. They obtain energy from food and
reproduction.
-Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups calledTissues.
-Tissues are collected intoOrgans, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or
filter out waste (kidneys).
-Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions,
likenourishing the body(digestive) orprotecting the body from attacks(immune).


Cell Parts

Organelles: Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs
a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion.
~Examples: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.




The Nucleus
-Nucleus:Small structure that containsChromosomesandRegulates the DNA of a cell.
Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible forthe passing on of genetic traits

, between generations.
-Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and
ribosomes.


Chromosomes



Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. DNA is genetic material that stores information about the
plant or animal.



Chromatin

Consists of the DNA and Proteins that make up chromosomes.



Nucleolus



Structure contained within the nucleus, consists of proteins. Small, Round, and does not have a
membrane. Involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA.

Nuclear Envelope

Encloses the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids.
Nuclear Pores

Involved in exchange of material between nucleus and the cytoplasm.



Nucleoplasm

Liquid within the membrane and is similar to cytoplasm.



Cell Membrane



"Plasma Membrane"
-Made ofLipids and Proteins
-Isolatesthe cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate
with the outside environment.
-Consists:Phospholipid bilayerwith the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external
environment.

,~Cholesterol: Adds stiffness and flexibility
~Glycolipids: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms.
~Proteins: Help give cells shape
~Special Proteins:Helps cell communicate with external environment.
~Other Proteins:Transport molecules across membrane


Selective Permeability

With regard to size, charge, and solubility.
-Size:Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it. Oxygen and Water molecules
are small and can pass through the cells membrane.
-Charge:Ions on a cells surface eitherattracts or repelsions. Ions withlikecharges
arerepelled, and ions withoppositecharges areattractedto the surface.
-Solubility:Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through the
membrane. Many arenotable to diffuse the membrane, and if anything they'll have to be
moved through byactive transport and vesicles
Cell Structures

Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules,
Cytosol, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria




Ribosomes

Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids.
-Make up about a quarter of a cell.
-Some are embedded in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

, Golgi Apparatus

Involved in synthesizing materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell.
~Modifies and Packages proteins secreted from the cell.
-Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.




Vacuoles

Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal.
-Plant: Has one large vacuole
-Animal: Has small, sometimes numerous vacuoles.




Vesicles

Small organelle within a cell, has a membrane.
-Functions: Moving materials within a cell.