BIP Oxford History Notes - Summary Notes for All Themes Covered in First-Year Prelim Exams

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 1
Parliamentary Reform 1832-1928 ......................................................................................................................9
Questions .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Notes ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1832 Representation of the People Act/First Reform Act ..................................................................... 9
- Prior Attitude to Reform: ............................................................................................................ 9
- 1832 Reform Act ........................................................................................................................ 9
- Reasons For .............................................................................................................................. 9
- Results/Impact ......................................................................................................................... 10
1867 Reform Act ................................................................................................................................. 10
- 1867 Reform Act ...................................................................................................................... 10
- Reasons for ............................................................................................................................. 10
- Barriers to Reform: .................................................................................................................. 11
- Role of Parties: ........................................................................................................................ 11
- Results/Impact ......................................................................................................................... 11
1884 Reform Act ................................................................................................................................. 12
- 1884 Reform Act ...................................................................................................................... 12
- Reasons for ............................................................................................................................. 12
- Results/Impact ......................................................................................................................... 12
1906-1914 ........................................................................................................................................... 12
- Attitude to Reform and Limits: ................................................................................................. 12
1918 Representation of the People Act .............................................................................................. 12
- 1918 Act ................................................................................................................................... 12
- Reasons for: ............................................................................................................................ 13
- Results/Impact ......................................................................................................................... 14
Women’s Suffrage............................................................................................................................... 14
- Reasons for early failure: ........................................................................................................ 14
- Changes in attitude:................................................................................................................. 14
- Pressure groups: ..................................................................................................................... 15
General Reform .................................................................................................................................. 15
- Character of Reform ................................................................................................................ 15
- Liberal Dilemma and Reform:.................................................................................................. 15
- Class Composition................................................................................................................... 16
- Limitations................................................................................................................................ 16
Gender 1830-1950 .............................................................................................................................................18
Questions ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Notes ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Marriage and Births............................................................................................................................. 18
- Marriage and Divorce .............................................................................................................. 18
- Marriage and Work – Separate Spheres:................................................................................ 18
- Births........................................................................................................................................ 19
Sexuality.............................................................................................................................................. 19
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, - Sin and sexuality: .................................................................................................................... 19
- Diseases .................................................................................................................................. 19
- Birth control.............................................................................................................................. 19
- Prostitution and “White Slavery” – Moral Crusades ................................................................ 19
- Homosexuality ......................................................................................................................... 19
Rights .................................................................................................................................................. 20
- Property rights: ........................................................................................................................ 20
- Family Law............................................................................................................................... 20
- Educational Opportunities ....................................................................................................... 20
- Suffrage ................................................................................................................................... 20
- Women in Politics .................................................................................................................... 20
Employment ........................................................................................................................................ 21
- Industrialisation........................................................................................................................ 21
- Domestic Service..................................................................................................................... 21
- Employment increasing division of sexes ............................................................................... 21
- Women moving out of employment and into the household ................................................... 22
Impact of War ...................................................................................................................................... 22
- Impact on the relationship of women to the state ................................................................... 22
- Employment ............................................................................................................................. 22
- Male Bonding ........................................................................................................................... 22
- On Gender Relations ............................................................................................................... 22
Masculinity .......................................................................................................................................... 22
- Contemporary View of Masculinity in Media ........................................................................... 22
- Historical Approach to Masculinity .......................................................................................... 23
- Men and Class......................................................................................................................... 23
- Threats to Masculinity.............................................................................................................. 24
- Men in the Family – trajectory of domestication...................................................................... 24
Religion 1830-1950............................................................................................................................................25
Questions ................................................................................................................................................ 25
Notes ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
Changing Role of the Church ............................................................................................................. 25
- Social Welfare Provision.......................................................................................................... 25
- Political (Privileged Relationship between CofE and State) ................................................... 25
- Role of Religious Rites ............................................................................................................ 25
- Role of Religion in Social Life (at odds with leisure culture) ................................................... 25
- Impact of Industrialisation and Urbanisation ........................................................................... 26
Worship – A Question of Decline ........................................................................................................ 26
- Religion in Numbers ................................................................................................................ 26
- The National Mission ............................................................................................................... 26
- Religion in Decline after the NM .............................................................................................. 27
- Reasons for Declining Faith .................................................................................................... 27
- Religion still significant ............................................................................................................ 27
Religious Ideas.................................................................................................................................... 28
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, - New Intellectual Movements as a Challenge to Faith ............................................................. 28
- New Religious Ideas ................................................................................................................ 28
Religion and Politics............................................................................................................................ 28
- Christianity in the Chartist Struggle ......................................................................................... 28
- Religious Politics in the Age of Reform ................................................................................... 28
- Role of Religion in Irish Politics and the growth of Home Rule .............................................. 29
- Early Background of Religion in Politics.................................................................................. 30
- Religious Politics and Late-Victorian Party ............................................................................. 30
- Religion and the Rise of Labour .............................................................................................. 31
- Role of Religion in Politics in the First World War................................................................... 31
- Declining role of Religion in Politics ........................................................................................ 31
- Power of Nonconformists ........................................................................................................ 31
War 1830-1950 ...................................................................................................................................................33
Questions ................................................................................................................................................ 33
Notes ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Crimean War – 1854-1856.................................................................................................................. 33
- Causes of the War ................................................................................................................... 33
- Initial Support for the War ........................................................................................................ 33
- Role of the Crimean War in shaping forms of government ..................................................... 33
- But change was not sustained and the reforming movement lost momentum ....................... 34
- End of the war ......................................................................................................................... 35
- Role of the Press during the War/How the War shaped reporting .......................................... 35
Boer War 1899-1902 ........................................................................................................................... 35
- Impact of Boer War on welfare at home.................................................................................. 35
Build-up to War – The People’s Budget .............................................................................................. 35
- The People’s Budget ............................................................................................................... 35
World War I – 1914-1918 .................................................................................................................... 35
- Importance of war to understanding Britain ............................................................................ 35
- Attitude to war .......................................................................................................................... 36
- Experience of War ................................................................................................................... 36
- Financial Cost of War to People .............................................................................................. 36
- Culture and Memory ................................................................................................................ 36
World War I – 1914-1918 – Impact - Social ........................................................................................ 36
- Class – Temporary Gentlemen and the Ex-Officer Problem ................................................... 36
- Changing Position of Women .................................................................................................. 36
World War I – 1914-1918 – Impact - Political ..................................................................................... 37
- Ends the equipoise of the Edwardian Political System ........................................................... 37
- Conscription – Impact on Ireland and a Move to the Right after WW1................................... 37
- WW1 acted as an attack on the British Liberal conception of war.......................................... 38
- Rise of Labour and benefits to Labour .................................................................................... 38
- 1918 Representation of the People Act .................................................................................. 38
- Conservative (Interwar) Success ............................................................................................ 39
Appeasement ...................................................................................................................................... 39
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, - Strategy and Response to Appeasement ............................................................................... 39
- Nazi-Soviet Pact ...................................................................................................................... 40
Spanish Civil War – 1936-1939 .......................................................................................................... 40
- Useful – set the playing field for WW2 .................................................................................... 40
World War II – 1939-45 ....................................................................................................................... 40
- Attitude to war .......................................................................................................................... 40
- Blitz and Morale ....................................................................................................................... 40
- The Myth of the People’s War ................................................................................................. 41
- Churchill ................................................................................................................................... 41
- Employment ............................................................................................................................. 41
World War II – 1939-45 – Impact on Class Unity and Class Politics .................................................. 41
- Social Unity/Class Tension ...................................................................................................... 41
- Structure of Class .................................................................................................................... 42
- Radicalised Public/Increased Support for Labour ................................................................... 42
World War II – 1939-45 – Impact on Britain’s traditional governing institutions - Economic.............. 42
- Why did the war have this impact? ......................................................................................... 42
- Change to the Structure of Economy – Imports and Exports ................................................. 43
- Change to economy during the war ........................................................................................ 43
- Austerity ................................................................................................................................... 44
- Evidence for far-reaching institutional changes ...................................................................... 44
- Redistribution ........................................................................................................................... 45
World War II – 1939-45 – Impact on Britain’s traditional governing institutions - Social .................... 45
- Why did the war have this impact? ......................................................................................... 45
- Change to Social Policy during the War.................................................................................. 45
- Power of Local Authority thus limited ...................................................................................... 45
- Continued reform after the war................................................................................................ 46
- Nationalisation ......................................................................................................................... 46
World War II – 1939-45 – Extent of Impact......................................................................................... 46
- How much of these changes were because of war? .............................................................. 46
World War II – 1939-45 – Ideas During the War................................................................................. 47
- The Progressive Centre .......................................................................................................... 47
- Transmission of Information and Ideas ................................................................................... 47
- Ideas about the War itself ........................................................................................................ 47
- Ideas within the Tories ............................................................................................................. 47
- Ideas about the Tories ............................................................................................................. 47
- Ideas within Labour ................................................................................................................. 47
- Ideas about Labour.................................................................................................................. 48
Class and Popular Culture ...............................................................................................................................49
Questions ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Notes ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Perceptions of Class ........................................................................................................................... 49
- Definition of Class.................................................................................................................... 49


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