NMNC 1210 Exam 4 Questions With Complete Solutions
Aged-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
leading cause of central vision loss
Wet AMD
rapid onset of blindness caused by abnormal development of
blood vessels in or near macula
Dry AMD
Most common type of AMD. Causes close visions to decrease.
Macular cells die causing visions loss.
Etiology for AMD
related to retinal aging. Pts w/ obesity, HTN, or white at highest
risk
Manifestations AMD
blurred vision, darkened vision, blin spots in the visual field,
vison distortion
Therapeutic management AMD
goal is to reverse or minimize vision loss
-Vit C and E, lutein, zinc can slow progression
-diet high in dark leafy greens, veggies, pork, dairy, white grain,
and high in zinc
Nursing Considerations for AMD
monitor pt with high risk factors
,Medications for AMD
vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) inhibitor
(bevacizumab)
Glaucoma
Group of disorders characterized by increased ocular pressure
and its consequences. Leases to optic nerve atrophy and
peripheral visual field loss
Etiology for Glaucoma
Balance b/n rate of aqueus production (inflow) and rate of
aqueous reabsorption (outflow)
Types of glaucoma
-Primary open angel (POAG): common, outflow of aqueous
humor (AH) is decreased in trabecular meshwork causing
drainage channels to be clogged leading to optic nerve damage
-angle closure (ACG): reduction of outflow AH causing lens to
bulge forward
Manifestations of Glaucoma
onset is slow and painless, pt usually does not notice gradual
loss of visual fields until peripheral vision is severily
compromised
Therapeutic management for Glaucoma
-drug therapy
-argon laser trabeculoplasty
-AACG is emergency and requires immediate intervention
,Medications for Glaucoma
Alpha adrenergic agonist brimonidine
Beta blocker: timolol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: dorzolamide
Miotics: pilocarpine
Prostaglandin agonist latanaprost
Nursing considerations for Glaucoma
assessment of vison
Astigmatism
Uneven or irregular curvature of the cornea causing incoming
light rays to be bent unequally leading to distorted vision
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva with associated redness,
swelling, and itching. Can be viral or bacterial.
-bacterial: Staph A., pink eye
-viral: epidemic keratoconjuntivits; palliative treatment
-Chlamydia infx: trachomatis; can lead to blindness
Enucleation
Removal of eye
Hodeolum
AKA sty. Infection (most common Staph. A) of the meibomian
glands in the lid of margin. Pt will c/o red, swollen
circumscribed, tender area.
, **apply warm, moist compresses x4/day until resolved
Hyperopia
far-sightedness, pt unable to see near objects. Occurs when
cornea or lens does not have adjusted focusing power
Myopia
Near-sightedness
Presbyopia
loss of accommodation associated with age
Amblyopia
conditions that affect vision when the brain doesn't full process
input from one eye
Keratitis
inflammation or infection of the cornea.
viral: caused by HSV
Retinopathy
Process of microvascular damage to the retina which can lead to
blurred vision and progressive vision loss. Most commonly
noted in pts w/ DM and HTN
Strabismus
condition which a person cannot consistently focus both eyes
simultaneously on the same object
Esotropia
Aged-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
leading cause of central vision loss
Wet AMD
rapid onset of blindness caused by abnormal development of
blood vessels in or near macula
Dry AMD
Most common type of AMD. Causes close visions to decrease.
Macular cells die causing visions loss.
Etiology for AMD
related to retinal aging. Pts w/ obesity, HTN, or white at highest
risk
Manifestations AMD
blurred vision, darkened vision, blin spots in the visual field,
vison distortion
Therapeutic management AMD
goal is to reverse or minimize vision loss
-Vit C and E, lutein, zinc can slow progression
-diet high in dark leafy greens, veggies, pork, dairy, white grain,
and high in zinc
Nursing Considerations for AMD
monitor pt with high risk factors
,Medications for AMD
vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) inhibitor
(bevacizumab)
Glaucoma
Group of disorders characterized by increased ocular pressure
and its consequences. Leases to optic nerve atrophy and
peripheral visual field loss
Etiology for Glaucoma
Balance b/n rate of aqueus production (inflow) and rate of
aqueous reabsorption (outflow)
Types of glaucoma
-Primary open angel (POAG): common, outflow of aqueous
humor (AH) is decreased in trabecular meshwork causing
drainage channels to be clogged leading to optic nerve damage
-angle closure (ACG): reduction of outflow AH causing lens to
bulge forward
Manifestations of Glaucoma
onset is slow and painless, pt usually does not notice gradual
loss of visual fields until peripheral vision is severily
compromised
Therapeutic management for Glaucoma
-drug therapy
-argon laser trabeculoplasty
-AACG is emergency and requires immediate intervention
,Medications for Glaucoma
Alpha adrenergic agonist brimonidine
Beta blocker: timolol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: dorzolamide
Miotics: pilocarpine
Prostaglandin agonist latanaprost
Nursing considerations for Glaucoma
assessment of vison
Astigmatism
Uneven or irregular curvature of the cornea causing incoming
light rays to be bent unequally leading to distorted vision
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva with associated redness,
swelling, and itching. Can be viral or bacterial.
-bacterial: Staph A., pink eye
-viral: epidemic keratoconjuntivits; palliative treatment
-Chlamydia infx: trachomatis; can lead to blindness
Enucleation
Removal of eye
Hodeolum
AKA sty. Infection (most common Staph. A) of the meibomian
glands in the lid of margin. Pt will c/o red, swollen
circumscribed, tender area.
, **apply warm, moist compresses x4/day until resolved
Hyperopia
far-sightedness, pt unable to see near objects. Occurs when
cornea or lens does not have adjusted focusing power
Myopia
Near-sightedness
Presbyopia
loss of accommodation associated with age
Amblyopia
conditions that affect vision when the brain doesn't full process
input from one eye
Keratitis
inflammation or infection of the cornea.
viral: caused by HSV
Retinopathy
Process of microvascular damage to the retina which can lead to
blurred vision and progressive vision loss. Most commonly
noted in pts w/ DM and HTN
Strabismus
condition which a person cannot consistently focus both eyes
simultaneously on the same object
Esotropia
