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Galen NUR 210 Final Exam 2026/2027 | Principles of Pharmacology | Complete Study Guide with 200+ Q&A | Pharmacokinetics, Antibiotics, Cardiac, CNS & Endocrine Drugs | Verified Answers with Rationales

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INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD—This comprehensive study guide is specifically designed for Galen College of Nursing students preparing for the NUR 210 Principles of Pharmacology Final Exam for the 2026/2027 academic year. Based on verified exam materials from top-selling student resources, this resource contains expertly verified practice questions and 100% correct answers with detailed rationales to help you master core pharmacology concepts and achieve a top score (Grade A+). This comprehensive guide covers all major topics tested on the NUR 210 Final Exam : Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics : The four phases—absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. First-pass effect (oral drugs undergo hepatic metabolism) . Protein binding (only unbound drug is active) . Half-life determines dosing interval. Therapeutic index—narrow therapeutic window drugs require monitoring (lithium, digoxin, warfarin) . Agonist vs. antagonist . Medication Safety : Rights of medication administration (right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation) . High-alert medications require independent double-check . Medication reconciliation prevents errors . Adverse drug reactions vs. side effects . Anaphylaxis management (epinephrine, airway, oxygen) . Autonomic Nervous System Drugs : Adrenergic agonists (epinephrine)—anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest; side effects: tachycardia, hypertension. Beta-2 agonists (albuterol)—bronchodilation; side effects: tachycardia, tremors. Beta blockers (metoprolol)—never stop abruptly; contraindicated in asthma (non-selective) . Cholinergic agonists (bethanechol)—urinary retention; side effects: bradycardia, increased secretions. Anticholinergics (atropine)—preoperative, bradycardia; side effects: "dry them out" (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention) . Cardiovascular Drugs : Digoxin —cardiac glycoside; hold if HR 60; toxicity: yellow/green halos, bradycardia, nausea; hypokalemia increases toxicity risk; therapeutic range 0.5-2 ng/mL. Loop diuretics (furosemide) —monitor K+, ototoxicity. Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ) —K+ wasting, hyperglycemia. ACE inhibitors (lisinopril) —dry cough, hyperkalemia. ARBs (losartan) —no cough . Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine) —flushing, ankle edema . Antibiotics & Anti-Infectives : Cephalosporins —monitor for superinfection . Vancomycin —MRSA treatment; red-man syndrome; monitor peak/trough, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity . Aminoglycosides (gentamicin) —peak 45-60 min after dose, trough before next dose . TMP-SMZ —increase fluid intake to prevent crystalluria . Tetracyclines —avoid dairy, antacids; not for children 8 years (teeth staining) . Macrolides —photosensitivity . Metronidazole —avoid alcohol (disulfiram reaction) . Nitrofurantoin —drowsiness, brown urine . Antivirals & Antifungals : Acyclovir —genital herpes; increase fluids, oral hygiene . Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) —influenza; start within 48 hours . Nystatin —oral candidiasis; swish and swallow . Influenza vaccine —assess for egg allergy . CNS & Psychiatric Drugs : Phenytoin (Dilantin) —seizures; therapeutic range 10-20 mcg/mL; gingival hyperplasia . Valproic acid —hepatotoxicity monitoring . Antipsychotics —EPS, tardive dyskinesia (AIMS scale) , NMS . Clozapine —agranulocytosis (ANC monitoring) . SSRIs —2-6 week onset; serotonin syndrome; sexual dysfunction . MAOIs —tyramine restriction (hypertensive crisis) . Bupropion —no sexual side effects; seizure risk . Benzodiazepines —GABA; flumazenil antidote; dependence risk . Zolpidem (Ambien) —sleep aid, short-term use . Antidiabetics & Endocrine Drugs : Insulin —regular (clear), NPH (cloudy); mixing sequence: clear to cloudy; glargine has no peak . Metformin —GI upset; hold for contrast dye (renal risk) . Levothyroxine —hypothyroidism; take before breakfast; never stop abruptly . Propylthiouracil —hyperthyroidism; monitor for agranulocytosis . Alendronate —upright for 30 min after dose (esophageal irritation) . Respiratory Drugs : Albuterol —bronchodilator; tachycardia side effect . Metered-dose inhaler —hold breath 10 seconds; bronchodilator first, then corticosteroid (wait 5 min) . Guaifenesin —expectorant; increase fluids . Diphenhydramine —antihistamine; sedation (avoid driving) . Pain Management : Opioid analgesics—respiratory depression risk; naloxone antidote . NSAIDs—GI bleeding risk; COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib) reduce GI effects but increase cardiovascular risk . Acetaminophen—hepatotoxicity, max 4 g/day . Sample Questions Include : "What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics?" → Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion "A patient taking furosemide reports muscle weakness and cramps. What electrolyte imbalance is most likely?" → Hypokalemia "What is the most important teaching for a patient starting alendronate (Fosamax)?" → Remain upright for 30 minutes after taking "A patient on isoniazid (INH) reports numbness and tingling in fingers. What intervention is needed?" → Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) supplementation "What should the nurse teach a patient taking TMP-SMZ for UTI?" → Increase fluid intake to prevent crystalluria "What adverse effect requires immediate discontinuation of clozapine?" → Fever (possible agranulocytosis or myocarditis) "What is the therapeutic range for phenytoin (Dilantin)?" → 10-20 mcg/mL "What is the priority assessment before administering digoxin?" → Apical pulse for 1 full minute "What foods must patients on MAOIs avoid?" → Aged cheese, cured meats, red wine (tyramine-rich foods) "What is the correct sequence for mixing regular and NPH insulin?" → Draw regular (clear) first, then NPH (cloudy) All questions include complete rationales based on current evidence-based practice, pharmacology standards, and Galen College curriculum requirements . DOCUMENT ACCESS: This study guide is available as an instant digital download (PDF) immediately upon purchase. Fully text-searchable, printable, and accessible anytime through your user account. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Trusted by thousands of Galen nursing students for NUR 210 final exam preparation and mastering pharmacology competencies .

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NUR 210 Final Exam 2026/2027 Galen Principles of

Pharmacology Actual Exam Verified Answers with

Detailed Rationales Study Guide Grade A


1. What is culture?

A. The genetic makeup of a population

B. An integrated pattern of socially transmitted behaviors, including all products of

human work and thoughts specific to a group of persons, that guide formulation of

worldviews and decision-making processes

C. The economic status of a community

D. The political affiliation of a group

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Culture encompasses the socially transmitted behaviors, beliefs, values, and

customs that guide a group's worldview and decision-making.



2. What is cultural diversity?

A. The process of becoming Americanized

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B. The variety of cultures, ethnicities, and races within a population; vital for healthcare

systems to be familiar with demographic characteristics of the population served

C. The dominance of one culture over others

D. The elimination of cultural differences

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cultural diversity refers to the presence of multiple cultures within a

population. Healthcare providers must understand the demographic characteristics of

the populations they serve.



3. What are the goals and objectives related to culture in nursing? (Select all that

apply.)

A. Increase nursing recruitment and retention with nurses and staff from different

cultural backgrounds

B. Attain a cultural profile that reflects current population demographics

C. Prepare nurses and healthcare professionals to acquire cultural competence

D. Eliminate all cultural differences in healthcare settings

Correct Answer: A, B, C

Rationale: Cultural goals include recruiting diverse staff, reflecting population

demographics, and developing cultural competence among healthcare professionals.

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4. What is cultural competence?

A. The ability to speak multiple languages

B. Integration of knowledge, attitudes, and skills that enable effective and appropriate

communications and behaviors when working with people from cultures different from

one's own

C. The process of abandoning one's own culture

D. A static set of facts about different cultures

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cultural competence integrates knowledge, attitudes, and skills to

communicate and behave effectively with people from different cultures.



5. What are the steps to achieve cultural competence? (Select all that apply.)

A. Examining one's own values, beliefs, biases, and prejudice

B. Building cultural awareness

C. Learning cultural-specific communication strategies

D. Interacting with people from different cultures

E. Identifying and acknowledging mistakes

F. Remediating cultural mistakes

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