NUR401 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be comfortable in a
leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects and are highly task
oriented, making them well-suited to positions of leadership.
What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize changing nurses' feelings over
presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change lies in helping people to
feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They assert that individuals change their behavior less
when they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when they are shown truths that
influence their feelings.
T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed change to EBP. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of proposed change.
Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change should take place prior to formal strategic
planning.
Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for evidence-based practice
change?
,A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user back to earlier points in
the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change.
T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model include the use of a small-
scale pilot study during the process of introducing an evidence-based change in practice. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
and the Iowa Model.
When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change, which of the following
activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C. Evaluating the
outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an evaluation of the change in
practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the model and implementation does not form the "end
point" of the implementation process.
T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a patient's geographic location
while a research utilization (RU) model does not address this parameter. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅True
,Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient variables such as setting.
RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely encompasses the findings of research.
A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no nausea," "slightly nauseous,"
"significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data. Phenomena are scaled in
an ascending manner, but it is not possible to extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes related to a proposed
change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding skills mix, staffing levels,
staff demographics, recruitment, and retention. Departments such as finance, administration, and
quality management would be less likely to provide data on the current skills mix at the hospital.
T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a four-step process for
the critical appraisal of evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model delineates a process that can
be used to guide measurement of the impact of new interventions on improving healthcare outcomes. It
does not provide a specific process for critical appraisal of the literature.
Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically analyzed?
, A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
C. Outcome measures
D. Patient-centered quality care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C. Outcome measures
Rationale: Outcome measures are quantifiable healthcare results, such as health status, death,
disability, iatrogenic effects of treatment, health behaviors, and the economic impact of therapy and
illness management. Environmental changes, professional expertise, and patient-centered quality care
are measures that equally important, but which are more qualitative in nature.
What is the most effective strategy for engaging care providers in a proposed EBP change?
A. Disseminate the evidence that underlies the change
B. Remind staff of their obligation to provide optimal care
C. Bring in EBP experts to speak to staff members
D. Organize discussions and meetings with EBP mentors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅D. Organize discussions
and meetings with EBP mentors
Rationale: Interactive discussions between EBP mentors and care providers are an effective way to
increase knowledge and address attitudinal barriers. Other strategies, such as bringing in outsiders to
teach, disseminating research findings, or telling caregivers that they are obliged to change, are less
likely to engage them and foster genuine change.
T/F: Implementation of EBP is the responsibility of graduate-prepared nurses and members of the
nursing leadership. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: Implementation of EBP in the clinical setting is dependent on broad engagement and
participation from all care providers at all levels, as well as leaders, administrators, and members of
other disciplines.
Which of the following factors has the greatest bearing on the success or failure of CPG
implementation?
A. The strength of the evidence that underlies the guideline
Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be comfortable in a
leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects and are highly task
oriented, making them well-suited to positions of leadership.
What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize changing nurses' feelings over
presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change lies in helping people to
feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They assert that individuals change their behavior less
when they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when they are shown truths that
influence their feelings.
T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed change to EBP. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of proposed change.
Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change should take place prior to formal strategic
planning.
Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for evidence-based practice
change?
,A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user back to earlier points in
the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change.
T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model include the use of a small-
scale pilot study during the process of introducing an evidence-based change in practice. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
and the Iowa Model.
When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change, which of the following
activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C. Evaluating the
outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an evaluation of the change in
practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the model and implementation does not form the "end
point" of the implementation process.
T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a patient's geographic location
while a research utilization (RU) model does not address this parameter. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅True
,Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient variables such as setting.
RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely encompasses the findings of research.
A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no nausea," "slightly nauseous,"
"significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data. Phenomena are scaled in
an ascending manner, but it is not possible to extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes related to a proposed
change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding skills mix, staffing levels,
staff demographics, recruitment, and retention. Departments such as finance, administration, and
quality management would be less likely to provide data on the current skills mix at the hospital.
T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a four-step process for
the critical appraisal of evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model delineates a process that can
be used to guide measurement of the impact of new interventions on improving healthcare outcomes. It
does not provide a specific process for critical appraisal of the literature.
Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically analyzed?
, A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
C. Outcome measures
D. Patient-centered quality care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅C. Outcome measures
Rationale: Outcome measures are quantifiable healthcare results, such as health status, death,
disability, iatrogenic effects of treatment, health behaviors, and the economic impact of therapy and
illness management. Environmental changes, professional expertise, and patient-centered quality care
are measures that equally important, but which are more qualitative in nature.
What is the most effective strategy for engaging care providers in a proposed EBP change?
A. Disseminate the evidence that underlies the change
B. Remind staff of their obligation to provide optimal care
C. Bring in EBP experts to speak to staff members
D. Organize discussions and meetings with EBP mentors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅D. Organize discussions
and meetings with EBP mentors
Rationale: Interactive discussions between EBP mentors and care providers are an effective way to
increase knowledge and address attitudinal barriers. Other strategies, such as bringing in outsiders to
teach, disseminating research findings, or telling caregivers that they are obliged to change, are less
likely to engage them and foster genuine change.
T/F: Implementation of EBP is the responsibility of graduate-prepared nurses and members of the
nursing leadership. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅False
Rationale: Implementation of EBP in the clinical setting is dependent on broad engagement and
participation from all care providers at all levels, as well as leaders, administrators, and members of
other disciplines.
Which of the following factors has the greatest bearing on the success or failure of CPG
implementation?
A. The strength of the evidence that underlies the guideline
