NSG 533 ADV PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS 2026 EDITION
What are the five components of pathophysiology? - ANS etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Etiology - ANS Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
Epidemiology - ANS Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
Incidence - ANS New
1
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,Prevalence - ANS Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis - ANS Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and manifestations
Clinical manifestations - ANS Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes - ANS Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention - ANS Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention - ANS Detection and screening
Tertiary prevention - ANS Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? - ANS 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
What is ATP depletion? - ANS Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel normal
activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? - ANS Hypoxia leads to the inability to
perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
2
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, What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? - ANS ATP depletion
leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the
production of lactate
How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? - ANS Na normally outside and K normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? - ANS Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis - ANS Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - ANS Fragmentation of nuclear material
Karyolysis - ANS Dissolution of nuclear material
What are free radicals? - ANS Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron and high
affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular metabolism
What is lipid peroxidation? - ANS Binding of free radicals to phospholipid bilayer membrane
around the cell and its organelles causing dissolution or a hole
What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) - ANS Chemically reactive molecules formed as
natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS 2026 EDITION
What are the five components of pathophysiology? - ANS etiology
pidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Etiology - ANS Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
Epidemiology - ANS Patterns in populations of people and their characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
Incidence - ANS New
1
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Prevalence - ANS Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis - ANS Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and manifestations
Clinical manifestations - ANS Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes - ANS Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention - ANS Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention - ANS Detection and screening
Tertiary prevention - ANS Treating or reducing relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? - ANS 1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
What is ATP depletion? - ANS Inability of cell to produce adequate ATP to fuel normal
activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? - ANS Hypoxia leads to the inability to
perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
2
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation? - ANS ATP depletion
leads to the failure of the NaK pump, causing the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the
production of lactate
How does NaK pump failure impact the cell? - ANS Na normally outside and K normally inside
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? - ANS Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis - ANS Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - ANS Fragmentation of nuclear material
Karyolysis - ANS Dissolution of nuclear material
What are free radicals? - ANS Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron and high
affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular metabolism
What is lipid peroxidation? - ANS Binding of free radicals to phospholipid bilayer membrane
around the cell and its organelles causing dissolution or a hole
What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) - ANS Chemically reactive molecules formed as
natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
