, List three/ normative/ and/ three/ non-normative/ influences/ in/ your/ life.
Describe/ (and/ speculate)/ on/ the/ ways/ an/ 80-year-old/ and/ a/ 20-year-old/ might/ view/ the/
Great/ Recession/ and/ Obama's/ presidency.
Joey/ and/ Jack/ are/ born/ on/ the/ same/ day/ in/ the/ same/ hospital./ The/ socioeconomic/ status/ of/
Joey's/ family/ is/ higher/ than/ average./ Jack/ comes/ from/ a/ poverty-level/ family./ What/
differences/ between/ Joe/ and/ Jack/ might/ you/ predict/ as/ they/ travel/ through/ life?
Explain/ how/ you/ might/ teach/ table/ manners/ to/ a/ 4-year-old,/ using/ operant/ conditioning.
Brandi,/ a/ college/ sophomore,/ seeks/ help/ from/ the/ counseling/ center/ for/ her/ extreme/
shyness/ and/ is/ offered/ a/ choice/ of/ treatments./ She/ can/ have/ sessions/ with/ a/ behavioral/
therapist,/ work/ with/ a/ psychoanalyst,/ or/ get/ therapy/ from/ a/ person/ who/ follows/ the/
developmental/ systems/ perspective./ Explain/ in/ a/ sentence/ how/ each/ treatment/ would/
differ/ from/ the/ others.
Dr./ Ragan,/ a/ behaviorist,/ is/ the/ new/ director/ of/ an/ organization/ that/ prepares/ people/ to/
return/ to/ college/ after/ they/ have/ dropped/ out./ Dr./ Ragan's/ mission/ is/ to/ design/ a/ program/
to/ assist/ clients/ in/ their/ efforts/ to/ successfully/ reenter/ school./ Using/ the/ principles/ of/
traditional/ behaviorism,/ modeling,/ and/ self-efficacy,/ spell/ out/ some/ strategies/ that/ Dr./
Regan/ might/ employ.
Spell/ out/ the/ main/ similarity/ and/ difference/ between/ John/ Bowlby's/ attachment/ theory/
and/ traditional/ psychoanalytic/ theory.
As/ a/ psychologist,/ you/ want/ to/ determine/ the/ heritability/ (or/ genetic/ contribution)/ to/
political/ attitudes./ Describe/ how/ you/ would/ design/ your/ study./ What/ findings/ would/
suggest/ that/ political/ attitudes/ are/ highly/ genetic?
Give/ an/ example/ each/ of/ evocative/ and/ active/ genetic/environment / forces/ and/ how/ they/
have/ shaped/ the/ person/ you/ are./ Then/ give/ an/ example/ of/ either/ an/ optimum/ or/ poor/
person-environment/ fit/ this/ semester/ in/ your/ life.
Compare/ and/ contrast/ Erikson/ and/ Freud's/ ideas.
Page 1
,Explain/ Piaget's/ concepts/ of/ assimilation/ and/ accommodation/ and/ give/ a/ concrete/
example/ of/ those/ processes.
You/ are/ a/ developmentalist/ studying/ the/ relationship/ between/ parenting/ practices/ and/
children's/ sociability./ Your/ plan/ is/ to/ watch/ each/ family's/ interactions/ at/ home,/ and/ then/
observe/ each/ child's/ relationships/ with/ peers/ at/ school./ Name/ your/ type/ of/ measurement/
and/ spell/ out/ its/ advantage/ and/ disadvantages.
Melissa/ and/ Ramon/ want/ to/ conduct/ a/ study/ to/ determine/ if/ exercise/ promotes/ health./
Melissa/ plans/ to/ test/ this/ question/ using/ a/ correlational/ approach,/ while/ Ramon/ decides/
to/ conduct/ an/ experiment./ Describe/ what/ each/ student's/ research/ might/ look/ like/ and/
discuss/ the/ respective/ pluses/ and/ minuses/ of/ each/ plan.
After/ conducting/ a/ cross-sectional/ study,/ you/ find/ that/ older/ workers/ are/ more/ satisfied/
with/ their/ jobs/ than/ are/ younger/ workers./ How/ should/ you/ interpret/ this/ finding?
List/ the/ pluses/ and/ minuses/ of/ conducting/ longitudinal/ research.
Take/ a/ specific/ concept,/ term,/ or/ theory/ in/ this/ chapter/ and/ discuss/ how/ it/ applies/ to/
your/ own/ life.
Page 2
, Answer/ Key
Here,/ while/ answers/ will/ vary,/ normative/ influences/ would/ center/ on/ predictable/
culturally/ and/ biologically/ shared/ events,/ such/ as/ going/ to/ kindergarten,/ reaching/
puberty,/ having/ children,/ dying,/ and/ so/ forth./ In/ cataloguing/ non-normative/ influences,/
students/ should/ refer/ to/ any/ major/ unexpected/ event/ in/ their/ lives.
Students'/ answers/ could/ legitimately/ vary,/ but/ I'd/ suspect/ for/ the/ 80-year-old,/ this/ election/
of/ our/ first/ Black/ president/ might/ be/ an/ incredible/ surprise;/ not/ so/ for/ today's/ emerging/
adults./ In/ contrast,/ the/ opposite/ might/ be/ true/ of/ the/ financial/ crisis:/ it / is/ likely/ to/ be/ a/
shock/ for/ emerging/ adults,/ but/ all/ too/ familiar/ for/ people/ who/ were/ born/ during/ the/
Great/ Depression/ of/ the/ l930s.
At/ every/ age,/ Joey/ might/ be/ healthier;/ Joey/ also/ may/ end/ up/ more/ well-educated;/ more/
likely/ to/ be/ married,/ and/ so/ forth.
Answers/ will/ center/ on/ reinforcing/ the/ child/ for/ sitting/ still,/ using/ a/ fork,/ saying/ “please/
pass/ the/ peas,”/ etc.;/ and/ ignoring/ the/ child/ when/ he/ shows/ inappropriate/ behavior./ You/
can/ also/ use/ time/ out/ when/ the/ child/ misbehaves.
The/ behaviorist/ might/ focus/ on/ getting/ Brandi/ in/ positively/ reinforcing/ social/ situations/ to/
try/ to/ extinguish/ her/ shyness./ The/ psychoanalyst/ would/ encourage/ Brandi/ to/ talk/ about/
her/ early/ life/ experiences/ and/ get/ insight/ into/ the/ unconscious/ roots/ of/ her/ shyness./A/
developmental/ systems/ proponent/ would/ attack/ the/ problem/ on/ several/ fronts
—trying/ out/ medications/ and/ different/ types/ of/ therapy,/ exploring/ how/ everything/ from/
cultural/ and/ family/ values/ to/ genetic/ predispositions/ might/ be/ causing/ Brandi's/
symptoms.
From/ traditional/ behaviorism—Reinforce/ clients/ step/ by/ step/ for/ making/ applications,/
going/ for/ interviews,/ either/ individually/ or/ as/ a/ group./ From/ modeling—specifically/
bring/ in/ people/ who/ have/ successfully/ returned/ to/ college/ years/ after/ they/ dropped/ out,/
to/ talk/ to/ clients;/ have/ clients/ model/ each/ other/ in/ filling/ out/ applications,/ and/ so/ forth,/
in/ group/ sessions./ Self-efficacy/ interventions—continually/ bring/ home/ the/ message/
“you/ can/ succeed”/ directly/ and/ also/ via/ using/ the/ other/ techniques/ mentioned/
previously.
Bowlby/ agreed/ with/ the/ Freudians/ that/ our/ early/ experiences/ with/ caregivers/ shape/ our/
mental/ health;/ but/ he/ also/ believed/ in/ a/ nature/ explanation/ of/ behavior,/ namely,/ that/ the/
attachment/ response/ is/ biologically/ built/ in/ to/ promote/ species/ survival.
Here/ you/ could/ conduct/ a/ twin/ study,/ soliciting/ a/ large/ sample/ of/ identical/ and/ fraternal/
twins/ and/ comparing/ the/ similarity/ of/ “identicals”/ attitudes/ on/ a/ test/ of/ political/ attitudes/
with/ those/ of/ “fraternals.”/ If/ the/ identical/ twins/ had/ much/ more/ similar/ views/ than/ the/
fraternal/ twins,/ your/ conclusion/ would/ be/ that/ political/ attitudes/ are/ highly/ genetically/
determined./ Alternatively,/ you/ could/ select/ adopted/ children/ and/ compare/ their/ political/
views/ with/ their/ biological/ and/ adoptive/ parents'/ views./ If/ you/ found/ a/ high/ correlation/
between/ adoptees'/ attitudes/ and/ their/ birth/ parents/ views/ and/ virtually/ no/ similarity/
between/ adoptees'/ attitudes/ and/ their/ adoptive/ parents'/ views,/ you/ could/ make/ the/ same/
conclusion.
Answers/ will/ vary./ Evocative/ influences,/ however,/ will/ relate/ to/ how/ personality/ traits—/
shyness,/ happiness,/ kindness,/ and/ so/ forth,/ naturally/ affect/ how/ other/ people/ relate/ to/
that/ student./ In/ describing/ active/ forces,/ students/ should/ talk/ about/ talents/ and/ interests/
that/ propelled/ them/ to/ actively/ select/ environments/ where/ they/ learned/ to/ improve/ at
Page 3
Describe/ (and/ speculate)/ on/ the/ ways/ an/ 80-year-old/ and/ a/ 20-year-old/ might/ view/ the/
Great/ Recession/ and/ Obama's/ presidency.
Joey/ and/ Jack/ are/ born/ on/ the/ same/ day/ in/ the/ same/ hospital./ The/ socioeconomic/ status/ of/
Joey's/ family/ is/ higher/ than/ average./ Jack/ comes/ from/ a/ poverty-level/ family./ What/
differences/ between/ Joe/ and/ Jack/ might/ you/ predict/ as/ they/ travel/ through/ life?
Explain/ how/ you/ might/ teach/ table/ manners/ to/ a/ 4-year-old,/ using/ operant/ conditioning.
Brandi,/ a/ college/ sophomore,/ seeks/ help/ from/ the/ counseling/ center/ for/ her/ extreme/
shyness/ and/ is/ offered/ a/ choice/ of/ treatments./ She/ can/ have/ sessions/ with/ a/ behavioral/
therapist,/ work/ with/ a/ psychoanalyst,/ or/ get/ therapy/ from/ a/ person/ who/ follows/ the/
developmental/ systems/ perspective./ Explain/ in/ a/ sentence/ how/ each/ treatment/ would/
differ/ from/ the/ others.
Dr./ Ragan,/ a/ behaviorist,/ is/ the/ new/ director/ of/ an/ organization/ that/ prepares/ people/ to/
return/ to/ college/ after/ they/ have/ dropped/ out./ Dr./ Ragan's/ mission/ is/ to/ design/ a/ program/
to/ assist/ clients/ in/ their/ efforts/ to/ successfully/ reenter/ school./ Using/ the/ principles/ of/
traditional/ behaviorism,/ modeling,/ and/ self-efficacy,/ spell/ out/ some/ strategies/ that/ Dr./
Regan/ might/ employ.
Spell/ out/ the/ main/ similarity/ and/ difference/ between/ John/ Bowlby's/ attachment/ theory/
and/ traditional/ psychoanalytic/ theory.
As/ a/ psychologist,/ you/ want/ to/ determine/ the/ heritability/ (or/ genetic/ contribution)/ to/
political/ attitudes./ Describe/ how/ you/ would/ design/ your/ study./ What/ findings/ would/
suggest/ that/ political/ attitudes/ are/ highly/ genetic?
Give/ an/ example/ each/ of/ evocative/ and/ active/ genetic/environment / forces/ and/ how/ they/
have/ shaped/ the/ person/ you/ are./ Then/ give/ an/ example/ of/ either/ an/ optimum/ or/ poor/
person-environment/ fit/ this/ semester/ in/ your/ life.
Compare/ and/ contrast/ Erikson/ and/ Freud's/ ideas.
Page 1
,Explain/ Piaget's/ concepts/ of/ assimilation/ and/ accommodation/ and/ give/ a/ concrete/
example/ of/ those/ processes.
You/ are/ a/ developmentalist/ studying/ the/ relationship/ between/ parenting/ practices/ and/
children's/ sociability./ Your/ plan/ is/ to/ watch/ each/ family's/ interactions/ at/ home,/ and/ then/
observe/ each/ child's/ relationships/ with/ peers/ at/ school./ Name/ your/ type/ of/ measurement/
and/ spell/ out/ its/ advantage/ and/ disadvantages.
Melissa/ and/ Ramon/ want/ to/ conduct/ a/ study/ to/ determine/ if/ exercise/ promotes/ health./
Melissa/ plans/ to/ test/ this/ question/ using/ a/ correlational/ approach,/ while/ Ramon/ decides/
to/ conduct/ an/ experiment./ Describe/ what/ each/ student's/ research/ might/ look/ like/ and/
discuss/ the/ respective/ pluses/ and/ minuses/ of/ each/ plan.
After/ conducting/ a/ cross-sectional/ study,/ you/ find/ that/ older/ workers/ are/ more/ satisfied/
with/ their/ jobs/ than/ are/ younger/ workers./ How/ should/ you/ interpret/ this/ finding?
List/ the/ pluses/ and/ minuses/ of/ conducting/ longitudinal/ research.
Take/ a/ specific/ concept,/ term,/ or/ theory/ in/ this/ chapter/ and/ discuss/ how/ it/ applies/ to/
your/ own/ life.
Page 2
, Answer/ Key
Here,/ while/ answers/ will/ vary,/ normative/ influences/ would/ center/ on/ predictable/
culturally/ and/ biologically/ shared/ events,/ such/ as/ going/ to/ kindergarten,/ reaching/
puberty,/ having/ children,/ dying,/ and/ so/ forth./ In/ cataloguing/ non-normative/ influences,/
students/ should/ refer/ to/ any/ major/ unexpected/ event/ in/ their/ lives.
Students'/ answers/ could/ legitimately/ vary,/ but/ I'd/ suspect/ for/ the/ 80-year-old,/ this/ election/
of/ our/ first/ Black/ president/ might/ be/ an/ incredible/ surprise;/ not/ so/ for/ today's/ emerging/
adults./ In/ contrast,/ the/ opposite/ might/ be/ true/ of/ the/ financial/ crisis:/ it / is/ likely/ to/ be/ a/
shock/ for/ emerging/ adults,/ but/ all/ too/ familiar/ for/ people/ who/ were/ born/ during/ the/
Great/ Depression/ of/ the/ l930s.
At/ every/ age,/ Joey/ might/ be/ healthier;/ Joey/ also/ may/ end/ up/ more/ well-educated;/ more/
likely/ to/ be/ married,/ and/ so/ forth.
Answers/ will/ center/ on/ reinforcing/ the/ child/ for/ sitting/ still,/ using/ a/ fork,/ saying/ “please/
pass/ the/ peas,”/ etc.;/ and/ ignoring/ the/ child/ when/ he/ shows/ inappropriate/ behavior./ You/
can/ also/ use/ time/ out/ when/ the/ child/ misbehaves.
The/ behaviorist/ might/ focus/ on/ getting/ Brandi/ in/ positively/ reinforcing/ social/ situations/ to/
try/ to/ extinguish/ her/ shyness./ The/ psychoanalyst/ would/ encourage/ Brandi/ to/ talk/ about/
her/ early/ life/ experiences/ and/ get/ insight/ into/ the/ unconscious/ roots/ of/ her/ shyness./A/
developmental/ systems/ proponent/ would/ attack/ the/ problem/ on/ several/ fronts
—trying/ out/ medications/ and/ different/ types/ of/ therapy,/ exploring/ how/ everything/ from/
cultural/ and/ family/ values/ to/ genetic/ predispositions/ might/ be/ causing/ Brandi's/
symptoms.
From/ traditional/ behaviorism—Reinforce/ clients/ step/ by/ step/ for/ making/ applications,/
going/ for/ interviews,/ either/ individually/ or/ as/ a/ group./ From/ modeling—specifically/
bring/ in/ people/ who/ have/ successfully/ returned/ to/ college/ years/ after/ they/ dropped/ out,/
to/ talk/ to/ clients;/ have/ clients/ model/ each/ other/ in/ filling/ out/ applications,/ and/ so/ forth,/
in/ group/ sessions./ Self-efficacy/ interventions—continually/ bring/ home/ the/ message/
“you/ can/ succeed”/ directly/ and/ also/ via/ using/ the/ other/ techniques/ mentioned/
previously.
Bowlby/ agreed/ with/ the/ Freudians/ that/ our/ early/ experiences/ with/ caregivers/ shape/ our/
mental/ health;/ but/ he/ also/ believed/ in/ a/ nature/ explanation/ of/ behavior,/ namely,/ that/ the/
attachment/ response/ is/ biologically/ built/ in/ to/ promote/ species/ survival.
Here/ you/ could/ conduct/ a/ twin/ study,/ soliciting/ a/ large/ sample/ of/ identical/ and/ fraternal/
twins/ and/ comparing/ the/ similarity/ of/ “identicals”/ attitudes/ on/ a/ test/ of/ political/ attitudes/
with/ those/ of/ “fraternals.”/ If/ the/ identical/ twins/ had/ much/ more/ similar/ views/ than/ the/
fraternal/ twins,/ your/ conclusion/ would/ be/ that/ political/ attitudes/ are/ highly/ genetically/
determined./ Alternatively,/ you/ could/ select/ adopted/ children/ and/ compare/ their/ political/
views/ with/ their/ biological/ and/ adoptive/ parents'/ views./ If/ you/ found/ a/ high/ correlation/
between/ adoptees'/ attitudes/ and/ their/ birth/ parents/ views/ and/ virtually/ no/ similarity/
between/ adoptees'/ attitudes/ and/ their/ adoptive/ parents'/ views,/ you/ could/ make/ the/ same/
conclusion.
Answers/ will/ vary./ Evocative/ influences,/ however,/ will/ relate/ to/ how/ personality/ traits—/
shyness,/ happiness,/ kindness,/ and/ so/ forth,/ naturally/ affect/ how/ other/ people/ relate/ to/
that/ student./ In/ describing/ active/ forces,/ students/ should/ talk/ about/ talents/ and/ interests/
that/ propelled/ them/ to/ actively/ select/ environments/ where/ they/ learned/ to/ improve/ at
Page 3
