NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers and
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of
cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Atrophy is a decrease in size, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and metaplasia is the
replacement of one mature cell type by another.
2. A patient has a history of smoking and exhibits a change in the bronchial
lining from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. This
is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
,Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
3. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is a normal part of
development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis?
A. Necrosis
B. Autophagy
C. Apoptosis
D. Karyolysis
Answer: C
Explanation: Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction (programmed cell
death) that occurs in both normal and pathologic states.
4. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in
the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because brain cells are rich in
digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
,5. In the context of genetics, what is the term for a person who has two
different alleles at a specific locus?
A. Heterozygous
B. Homozygous
C. Hemizygous
D. Phenotype
Answer: A
Explanation: Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Homozygous means having two identical alleles.
6. Which of the following describes the outward appearance of an individual,
which is the result of both genes and environment?
A. Phenotype
B. Karyotype
C. Genotype
D. Allele
Answer: A
Explanation: Phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype
is the genetic makeup.
, 7. Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is typically the result of which genetic
mechanism?
A. Nondisjunction during meiosis
B. Translocation during mitosis
C. Point mutation
D. Frameshift mutation
Answer: A
Explanation: Trisomy 21 is usually caused by nondisjunction, where chromosomes fail to
separate properly during meiosis, resulting in an extra chromosome 21.
8. Which chromosomal disorder is characterized by a female having only one X
chromosome (45,X)?
A. Klinefelter syndrome
B. Cri du chat syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Edward syndrome
Answer: C
Explanation: Turner syndrome is characterized by the presence of a single X chromosome
in females.
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of
cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Explanation: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Atrophy is a decrease in size, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and metaplasia is the
replacement of one mature cell type by another.
2. A patient has a history of smoking and exhibits a change in the bronchial
lining from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. This
is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
,Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
3. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is a normal part of
development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis?
A. Necrosis
B. Autophagy
C. Apoptosis
D. Karyolysis
Answer: C
Explanation: Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction (programmed cell
death) that occurs in both normal and pathologic states.
4. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in
the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because brain cells are rich in
digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
,5. In the context of genetics, what is the term for a person who has two
different alleles at a specific locus?
A. Heterozygous
B. Homozygous
C. Hemizygous
D. Phenotype
Answer: A
Explanation: Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Homozygous means having two identical alleles.
6. Which of the following describes the outward appearance of an individual,
which is the result of both genes and environment?
A. Phenotype
B. Karyotype
C. Genotype
D. Allele
Answer: A
Explanation: Phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype
is the genetic makeup.
, 7. Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is typically the result of which genetic
mechanism?
A. Nondisjunction during meiosis
B. Translocation during mitosis
C. Point mutation
D. Frameshift mutation
Answer: A
Explanation: Trisomy 21 is usually caused by nondisjunction, where chromosomes fail to
separate properly during meiosis, resulting in an extra chromosome 21.
8. Which chromosomal disorder is characterized by a female having only one X
chromosome (45,X)?
A. Klinefelter syndrome
B. Cri du chat syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Edward syndrome
Answer: C
Explanation: Turner syndrome is characterized by the presence of a single X chromosome
in females.
