NUR401 - MIDTERM EXAM (NUR401 - EVIDENCE BASED NURSING
PRACTICE) | 127 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be
comfortable in a leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C Answer - A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects
and are highly task oriented, making them well-suited to positions of
leadership.
What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize
changing nurses' feelings over presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model Answer - B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of
Change
,Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change
lies in helping people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They
assert that individuals change their behavior less when they are given facts or
analyses that change their thinking than when they are shown truths that
influence their feelings.
T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed
change to EBP. Answer - False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of
proposed change. Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change
should take place prior to formal strategic planning.
Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for
evidence-based practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model Answer - D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user
back to earlier points in the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC
Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for Evidence-Based Practice
Change.
T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model
include the use of a small-scale pilot study during the process of introducing an
evidence-based change in practice. Answer - True
,Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model.
When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change,
which of the following activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence Answer - C.
Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an
evaluation of the change in practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the
model and implementation does not form the "end point" of the
implementation process.
T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a
patient's geographic location while a research utilization (RU) model does not
address this parameter. Answer - True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient
variables such as setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely
encompasses the findings of research.
A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no
nausea," "slightly nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous."
This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
, D. Ratio Answer - B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data.
Phenomena are scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not possible to
extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes
related to a proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration Answer - B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding
skills mix, staffing levels, staff demographics, recruitment, and retention.
Departments such as finance, administration, and quality management would
be less likely to provide data on the current skills mix at the hospital.
T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a
four-step process for the critical appraisal of evidence. Answer - False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model
delineates a process that can be used to guide measurement of the impact of
new interventions on improving healthcare outcomes. It does not provide a
specific process for critical appraisal of the literature.
Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically
analyzed?
A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
PRACTICE) | 127 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be
comfortable in a leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C Answer - A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects
and are highly task oriented, making them well-suited to positions of
leadership.
What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize
changing nurses' feelings over presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model Answer - B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of
Change
,Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change
lies in helping people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They
assert that individuals change their behavior less when they are given facts or
analyses that change their thinking than when they are shown truths that
influence their feelings.
T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed
change to EBP. Answer - False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of
proposed change. Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change
should take place prior to formal strategic planning.
Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for
evidence-based practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model Answer - D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user
back to earlier points in the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC
Model, the Clinical Scholar Model, or The Model for Evidence-Based Practice
Change.
T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model
include the use of a small-scale pilot study during the process of introducing an
evidence-based change in practice. Answer - True
,Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for
Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model.
When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change,
which of the following activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence Answer - C.
Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an
evaluation of the change in practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the
model and implementation does not form the "end point" of the
implementation process.
T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a
patient's geographic location while a research utilization (RU) model does not
address this parameter. Answer - True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient
variables such as setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely
encompasses the findings of research.
A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no
nausea," "slightly nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous."
This scale provides the nurse with data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
, D. Ratio Answer - B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data.
Phenomena are scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not possible to
extrapolate insights from the data mathematically.
Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes
related to a proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration Answer - B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding
skills mix, staffing levels, staff demographics, recruitment, and retention.
Departments such as finance, administration, and quality management would
be less likely to provide data on the current skills mix at the hospital.
T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a
four-step process for the critical appraisal of evidence. Answer - False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model
delineates a process that can be used to guide measurement of the impact of
new interventions on improving healthcare outcomes. It does not provide a
specific process for critical appraisal of the literature.
Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically
analyzed?
A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
