PNCB PEDIATRIC PRIMARY CARE EXAM 2 FULL
REVIEW SET 2026 QUESTIONS ANSWERS
VERIFIED
◉ The differential diagnosis of a non-solid pelvic mass identified in
an asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infant should include:
duplication cyst
hepatoblastoma
infantile hepatic hemangioma
pyloric stenosis. Answer: duplication cyst
Differential diagnosis for abdominal and pelvic masses in the female
infant is challenging but the location and type of the mass is key to
proper identification. Ovarian cysts are located in the pelvic area.
Duplication cysts can arise anywhere from the esophagus to anus
and are the most commonly encountered along the gastrointestinal
tract. Even though both of these findings are rare, they should be
considered when a mass is noted in a mildly symptomatic or
asymptomatic infant. Duplication cysts, if not treated can result in
,bowel obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, or perforation after
ulceration. Infantile hepatic hemangiomas are located in the right
upper quadrant and can be cystic or solid; hepatoblastomas located
in a similar area are solid tumors. The hallmark symptoms of pyloric
stenosis include projectile vomiting and failure to thrive, along with
a small olive shaped abdominal mass, which is also solid.
◉ Developmental milestones for a 5 month old include:
rolling from back to front, reaching for an object, and smiling
spontaneously at familiar faces.
sitting unsupported, transferring an object from hand to hand,
smiling and cooing.
making sounds that mimic one syllable words, rocking on hands and
knees, using a fine pincer grasp.
crying when parent leaves the room, beginning to creep, and holding
onto a toy.. Answer: rolling from back to front, reaching for an object,
and smiling spontaneously at familiar faces.
A 5 month old can roll both ways, will reach for an object and bring
it to his mouth, and smiles and laughs in response to familiar faces.
The 5 month old will sit with support, but is not yet adept at
,transferring objects from hand to hand. The fine pincer grasp is not
developed until about 8 months of age when the infant also becomes
familiar with parents and will recognize when the parents leave the
room. Infants begin to creep, rock on hands and knees at an age
older than 5 months.
◉ Based on recent evidence, which statement is MOST appropriate
when providing education regarding the delivery of inhaled
albuterol to children?
Longer nebulized therapy enhances the medication delivery.
Crying enhances nebulized medication delivery to the airway in
infants.
Using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer and mask provides
similar efficacy as nebulized form.
Using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer is indicated for children
over the age of 3.. Answer: Using a metered dose inhaler with a
spacer and mask provides similar efficacy as nebulized form.
Nebulizers are frequently used to deliver aerosolized medication to
young children, although recent evidence indicates that using a
metered dose inhaler (MDI) with a spacer and mask provides similar
, or better efficacy as the nebulized form in a shorter time frame. In
addition, even infants can benefit from the use of a MDI for most
medication inhalation therapy, including albuterol. The benefits
include a shorter duration of individual treatment, ease of
transportation, and improvement in drug delivery to lower airways.
The longer the nebulization time, the less likely it is that the child
will consistently take deep breaths. Crying is a prolonged exhalation
followed by rapid and short inhalation. Because medication is
transported only with quiet inhalations, almost no medication is
delivered into the airways of a crying child.
◉ A 4 month old with atopic dermatitis has dry patches on the
cheeks and extensor surfaces of the arms and legs. Which is the
MOST important consideration in the management of this infant?
topical antihistamines are used to control pruritus
A.
topical antibiotics are used to prevent infection
B.
corticosteroid ointment preparations are preferable to creams
C.
oral corticosteroid is the preferred treatment. Answer:
corticosteroid ointment preparations are preferable to creams
Atopic dermatitis affects approximately 10-12% of the childhood
population in the U.S. with higher incidence in other countries. With
REVIEW SET 2026 QUESTIONS ANSWERS
VERIFIED
◉ The differential diagnosis of a non-solid pelvic mass identified in
an asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infant should include:
duplication cyst
hepatoblastoma
infantile hepatic hemangioma
pyloric stenosis. Answer: duplication cyst
Differential diagnosis for abdominal and pelvic masses in the female
infant is challenging but the location and type of the mass is key to
proper identification. Ovarian cysts are located in the pelvic area.
Duplication cysts can arise anywhere from the esophagus to anus
and are the most commonly encountered along the gastrointestinal
tract. Even though both of these findings are rare, they should be
considered when a mass is noted in a mildly symptomatic or
asymptomatic infant. Duplication cysts, if not treated can result in
,bowel obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, or perforation after
ulceration. Infantile hepatic hemangiomas are located in the right
upper quadrant and can be cystic or solid; hepatoblastomas located
in a similar area are solid tumors. The hallmark symptoms of pyloric
stenosis include projectile vomiting and failure to thrive, along with
a small olive shaped abdominal mass, which is also solid.
◉ Developmental milestones for a 5 month old include:
rolling from back to front, reaching for an object, and smiling
spontaneously at familiar faces.
sitting unsupported, transferring an object from hand to hand,
smiling and cooing.
making sounds that mimic one syllable words, rocking on hands and
knees, using a fine pincer grasp.
crying when parent leaves the room, beginning to creep, and holding
onto a toy.. Answer: rolling from back to front, reaching for an object,
and smiling spontaneously at familiar faces.
A 5 month old can roll both ways, will reach for an object and bring
it to his mouth, and smiles and laughs in response to familiar faces.
The 5 month old will sit with support, but is not yet adept at
,transferring objects from hand to hand. The fine pincer grasp is not
developed until about 8 months of age when the infant also becomes
familiar with parents and will recognize when the parents leave the
room. Infants begin to creep, rock on hands and knees at an age
older than 5 months.
◉ Based on recent evidence, which statement is MOST appropriate
when providing education regarding the delivery of inhaled
albuterol to children?
Longer nebulized therapy enhances the medication delivery.
Crying enhances nebulized medication delivery to the airway in
infants.
Using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer and mask provides
similar efficacy as nebulized form.
Using a metered dose inhaler with a spacer is indicated for children
over the age of 3.. Answer: Using a metered dose inhaler with a
spacer and mask provides similar efficacy as nebulized form.
Nebulizers are frequently used to deliver aerosolized medication to
young children, although recent evidence indicates that using a
metered dose inhaler (MDI) with a spacer and mask provides similar
, or better efficacy as the nebulized form in a shorter time frame. In
addition, even infants can benefit from the use of a MDI for most
medication inhalation therapy, including albuterol. The benefits
include a shorter duration of individual treatment, ease of
transportation, and improvement in drug delivery to lower airways.
The longer the nebulization time, the less likely it is that the child
will consistently take deep breaths. Crying is a prolonged exhalation
followed by rapid and short inhalation. Because medication is
transported only with quiet inhalations, almost no medication is
delivered into the airways of a crying child.
◉ A 4 month old with atopic dermatitis has dry patches on the
cheeks and extensor surfaces of the arms and legs. Which is the
MOST important consideration in the management of this infant?
topical antihistamines are used to control pruritus
A.
topical antibiotics are used to prevent infection
B.
corticosteroid ointment preparations are preferable to creams
C.
oral corticosteroid is the preferred treatment. Answer:
corticosteroid ointment preparations are preferable to creams
Atopic dermatitis affects approximately 10-12% of the childhood
population in the U.S. with higher incidence in other countries. With
