Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care 4th Edition Walsh Test Bank Chapter 1 - 36 Updated Guide 2026

NeonatalandPediatric
RespiratoryCare5thEditio
v




n WalshTestBankA+
v

, Chapter1:FetalLungDevelopmentTestBank t




MULTIPLE CHOICE v




1. Whichofthefollowingphasesofhumanlungdevelopmentischaracterized bythe t t t t t t v




formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
v v v v v v v v




a. Pseudoglandular

b. Saccular

c. Alveolar

d. Canalicular



ANS: D v




Thecanalicularphasefollowsthepseudoglandular phase,lastingfromapproximately 17weeks
t v t t v




to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance ofvascular
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v




channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary networkaround the
v v v v v v v v v v v v




air passages.
v v




During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16
v v v v v v v v v v v v v




vof gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
v v v v v v v v v v v




v develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
v v v v v v v v v v v




takes place from weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v




that later become alveoli.
v v v v




Duringthesaccularphase,atremendousincrease inthepotentialgas-exchangingsurfacearea t v




occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage isarbitrary.
v v v v v v v v v v v v




The alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage
v v v v v v v v v v v v v




isrepresented by the establishment of alveoli.
v v v v v v




REF: pp. 3-5 v v




2. Regardingpostnatal lunggrowth,byapproximatelywhatagedomostofthealveolithat
t v t t t




will be present in the lungs for life develop?
v v v v v v v v v




a. 6 months
v

,b. 1 year v




c. 1.5 years v




d. 2 years v




ANS: C v




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v




life.At 2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals.After
v v v v v v v v v v v v v




2years of age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolarmultiplication
v v v v v v v v v v v v




ends,the alveoli continueto increase in size until thoracic growth iscompleted.
v v v v v v v v v v




REF: p. 6 v v




3. Therespiratorytherapistisevaluatinganewbornwithmildrespiratorydistressdueto
t t t t




trachealstenosis.Duringwhichperiodoflungdevelopmentdidthisproblemdevelop?
v t t t t




a. Embryonal

b. Saccular

c. Canalicular

d. Alveolar



ANS: A v




The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal
v v v v v v v v v v




stage. Errorsindevelopment duringthis timemay result inlaryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal
v v t v t v t v v t v v v




atresiaorstenosis. Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs
v t v v v v v v v v




characterizedbyan abnormally low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments
v v v v v v v v v




and/or alveoli,candevelop during the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is
v v t v v v v v v v v




born during thecanalicularphase (i.e., prematurely), severerespiratory distress can be
v v v v v v v v v




expected because theinadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and
v v v v v v v v v




immature surfactantproduction by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
v v v v v v v v v v v




constellation of problems knownasinfant respiratory distress syndrome.
v v v v t v v v

, REF: p. 6 v




4. Whichofthefollowingmechanismsis(are)responsibleforthepossible
t t t t




association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
v v v v v v




I. Abnormalcarbohydrate metabolism v




II. Mechanicalrestriction of the chest wall v v v v




III. Interferencewith fetal breathing v v




IV. Failureto produce fetal lungliquid
v v v v v




a. Iand III only v v




b. IIand III only
v v v




c. I, II, and IV only
v v v v




d. II, III, and IV only
v v v v




ANS: D v




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period v v v v v v v v v v v




oftime, with orwithout renal anomalies, is associatedwith lung hypoplasia. Themechanismsby
v t v v v v v v v v v




which amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possibleexplanations for
v v v v v v v v v v v




reducedquantityof amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of thechest wall,
v v v v v v v v v




interference with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid.
v v v v v v v v v v




Theseclinical and experimental observations possiblypoint to a common denominator,
v v v v v v v v




lungstretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
v t v v v v v v




REF: pp. 6-7 v v




5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted bythe type IIpneumocyte?
v v v v v v v v v v