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Essent!als of Human D!seases and Cond!t!ons, 8th Ed!t!on 2025 Trac!e Fuqua
Chapter 1-15
Chapter 01: Mechan!sms of D!sease, D!agnos!s, and Treatment
MULT!PLE CHO!CE
1. S!gns of d!sease
a. always cause symptoms.
b. rarely correlate w!th symptoms.
c. !nclude abnormal object!ve f!nd!ngs.
d. are always descr!bed by the pat!ent.
aNS: C
S!gns, or abnormal object!ve f!nd!ngs, are the ev!dence of d!sease found by phys!cal
exam!nat!on and d!agnost!c test!ng. S!gns of d!sease often correlate w!th the symptoms.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 2
2. Pred!spos!ng factors of d!sease
a. prec!sely pred!ct the occurrence of d!sease.
b. make a person or group more vulnerable to d!sease.
c. never overlap or occur !n comb!nat!on.
d. can all be controlled by prevent!on.
aNS: B
a person may be suscept!ble to a greater or lesser degree, because of one or more r!sk factors
that overlap or occur !n comb!nat!on. Pred!spos!ng factors !nclude age, gender, l!festyle,
env!ronment, hered!ty, and !mmunodef!c!ency.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 3
3. Genet!c d!seases may be
a. produced by an abnormal!ty !n or mutat!on of the genet!c code !n a s!ngle gene.
b. caused by several abnormal genes.
c. caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alterat!on of the
structure of chromosomes.
d. all of the answer opt!ons
, aNS: D
Genet!c pred!spos!t!on (!nher!tance) currently !s cons!dered a major r!sk factor. Hered!tary
factors !n d!sease that appear regularly !n success!ve generat!ons are l!kely to affect males
and females equally. Hered!tary or genet!c d!seases often develop as a result of the comb!ned
effects of !nher!tance and env!ronmental factors.
REF: p. 6 OBJ: 8
4. Wh!ch statement !s true of ben!gn tumors?
a. Tend to rema!n encapsulated
b. !nf!ltrate surround!ng t!ssue
c. Do not compress surround!ng t!ssue or obstruct organs
d. Do not resemble the t!ssue of or!g!n
aNS: a
Ben!gn tumors usually develop slowly and can ar!se from any t!ssue. They tend to rema!n
encapsulated and do not !nf!ltrate surround!ng t!ssue.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: 7
5. Wh!ch statement !s true of mal!gnant tumors?
a. Tend to !nf!ltrate other t!ssue.
b. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become !nfected.
c. May spread to d!stant s!tes !n the body.
d. all of the answer opt!ons
aNS: D
Mal!gnant tumors can represent a ser!ous threat to the health and l!fe of a person. Cancer cells
are var!able !n appearance and d!sorderly (anaplast!c) and tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become
!nfected. Mal!gnant tumors have the ab!l!ty to !nf!ltrate and !nvade the surround!ng t!ssue.
Often mal!gnant cells enter the bloodstream or the lymphat!c vessels and spread to d!stant
s!tes !n the body lead!ng to tumor growth !n other areas of the body.
REF: p. 8 OBJ: 7
6. Wh!ch statement !s true regard!ng the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastas!s) cancer stag!ng system?
a. assesses the s!ze and extent of the spread of the pr!mary tumor.
b. !s a grad!ng system based on the degree of d!fferent!at!on of tumor cells.
c. Both answer opt!ons are true.
d. Ne!ther answer opt!ons are true.
, aNS: a
although a number of d!fferent stag!ng systems ex!st, the major!ty of cancers use a TNM
system. TNM stag!ng assesses the neoplasm !n three d!fferent areas: the s!ze or extent of the
pr!mary tumor (T), the extent of reg!onal lymph node !nvolvement by the tumor (N), and the
number of d!stant metastases (M).
REF: p. 10 OBJ: 10
7. The tumor Gleason grade reflects wh!ch !nformat!on about the
tumor? a. Stage
b. Degree of abnormal m!croscop!c appearance of the cells
c. Locat!on
d. None of the answer opt!ons
aNS: B
The Gleason grade correlates w!th extent of d!sease throughout the body and w!th prognos!s.
analys!s of prostate tumor h!stology !s performed, and the two predom!nant patterns are
recorded and scored from 1 to 5 (1 represents a well-d!fferent!ated h!stology; 5 !s the most
poorly d!fferent!ated).
REF: p. 12 OBJ: 10
8. Wh!ch statement correctly states the sequence of an allerg!c response w!th!n the body?
a. !mmunoglobul!n E (!gE) ant!bod!es enter the body and produce an allergen.
b. The release of h!stam!ne sens!t!zes mast cells and produces symptoms.
c. Exposure to allergen st!mulates product!on of !gE ant!bod!es that can subsequently tr!gger
symptoms of allergy.
d. H!stam!ne produces mast cells, wh!ch st!mulate plasma cells.
aNS: C
!n!t!al exposure to an allergen, wh!ch acts as an ant!gen (a substance that causes the allerg!c
response), st!mulates the product!on of !gE ant!bod!es, and the person thus !s sens!t!zed.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
9. System!c man!festat!on(s) of severe allerg!c responses !nclude wh!ch problem? a.
arthralg!a
b. Status asthmat!cus
c. anaphylax!s
d. all of the answer opt!ons
, aNS: D
Severe system!c man!festat!ons of allerg!c responses !nclude anaphylax!s, serum s!ckness,
arthralg!a, and status asthmat!cus. For example, anaphylax!s (anaphylact!c shock), the result
of a severe system!c allerg!c react!on, calls for emergency l!fe-sav!ng !ntervent!on.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
10. Wh!ch order of steps !s most accurate when mak!ng a d!agnos!s?
a. Med!cal h!story, phys!cal exam!nat!on, d!agnost!c tests, d!agnos!s, !ntegrat!on of results,
treatment
b. Med!cal h!story, d!agnost!c tests, phys!cal exam!nat!on, treatment plan
c. Phys!cal exam!nat!on, med!cal h!story, rad!ographs, prognos!s, !ntegrat!on of all
!nformat!on
d. Compar!son of normals, phys!cal exam!nat!on, h!story, treatment plan, prognos!s
aNS: a
Establ!sh!ng a d!agnos!s !s a dec!s!on-mak!ng process !n wh!ch data collected from the
med!cal h!story, phys!cal exam!nat!on, and d!agnost!c tests are analyzed, !ntegrated, and
!nterpreted. a d!agnos!s prov!des a log!cal bas!s for determ!n!ng treatment and prognos!s.
REF: p. 16 OBJ: 16
11. Mechan!cal and chem!cal barr!ers, the !nflammatory response, and the !mmune response are a.
r!sk factors for d!sease.
b. the comb!ned effects of !nher!tance and env!ronmental factors.
c. !ncluded !n the body’s natural defense system aga!nst !nfect!on.
d. agents that damage deoxyr!bonucle!c ac!d.
aNS: C
The body’s natural defense systems aga!nst !nfect!on !nclude (1) natural mechan!cal and
chem!cal barr!ers, such as sk!n, the c!l!a, body pH, and normal body flora; (2) the
!nflammatory response; and (3) the !mmune response.
REF: p. 3 OBJ: 4
12. !mmune d!sorders are the result of a breakdown !n the body’s defense system that may
generate wh!ch problems? a. allerg!es
b. auto!mmune d!seases
c. !mmunodef!c!ency d!sorders
d. all of the answer opt!ons
Essent!als of Human D!seases and Cond!t!ons, 8th Ed!t!on 2025 Trac!e Fuqua
Chapter 1-15
Chapter 01: Mechan!sms of D!sease, D!agnos!s, and Treatment
MULT!PLE CHO!CE
1. S!gns of d!sease
a. always cause symptoms.
b. rarely correlate w!th symptoms.
c. !nclude abnormal object!ve f!nd!ngs.
d. are always descr!bed by the pat!ent.
aNS: C
S!gns, or abnormal object!ve f!nd!ngs, are the ev!dence of d!sease found by phys!cal
exam!nat!on and d!agnost!c test!ng. S!gns of d!sease often correlate w!th the symptoms.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 2
2. Pred!spos!ng factors of d!sease
a. prec!sely pred!ct the occurrence of d!sease.
b. make a person or group more vulnerable to d!sease.
c. never overlap or occur !n comb!nat!on.
d. can all be controlled by prevent!on.
aNS: B
a person may be suscept!ble to a greater or lesser degree, because of one or more r!sk factors
that overlap or occur !n comb!nat!on. Pred!spos!ng factors !nclude age, gender, l!festyle,
env!ronment, hered!ty, and !mmunodef!c!ency.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: 3
3. Genet!c d!seases may be
a. produced by an abnormal!ty !n or mutat!on of the genet!c code !n a s!ngle gene.
b. caused by several abnormal genes.
c. caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alterat!on of the
structure of chromosomes.
d. all of the answer opt!ons
, aNS: D
Genet!c pred!spos!t!on (!nher!tance) currently !s cons!dered a major r!sk factor. Hered!tary
factors !n d!sease that appear regularly !n success!ve generat!ons are l!kely to affect males
and females equally. Hered!tary or genet!c d!seases often develop as a result of the comb!ned
effects of !nher!tance and env!ronmental factors.
REF: p. 6 OBJ: 8
4. Wh!ch statement !s true of ben!gn tumors?
a. Tend to rema!n encapsulated
b. !nf!ltrate surround!ng t!ssue
c. Do not compress surround!ng t!ssue or obstruct organs
d. Do not resemble the t!ssue of or!g!n
aNS: a
Ben!gn tumors usually develop slowly and can ar!se from any t!ssue. They tend to rema!n
encapsulated and do not !nf!ltrate surround!ng t!ssue.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: 7
5. Wh!ch statement !s true of mal!gnant tumors?
a. Tend to !nf!ltrate other t!ssue.
b. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become !nfected.
c. May spread to d!stant s!tes !n the body.
d. all of the answer opt!ons
aNS: D
Mal!gnant tumors can represent a ser!ous threat to the health and l!fe of a person. Cancer cells
are var!able !n appearance and d!sorderly (anaplast!c) and tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become
!nfected. Mal!gnant tumors have the ab!l!ty to !nf!ltrate and !nvade the surround!ng t!ssue.
Often mal!gnant cells enter the bloodstream or the lymphat!c vessels and spread to d!stant
s!tes !n the body lead!ng to tumor growth !n other areas of the body.
REF: p. 8 OBJ: 7
6. Wh!ch statement !s true regard!ng the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastas!s) cancer stag!ng system?
a. assesses the s!ze and extent of the spread of the pr!mary tumor.
b. !s a grad!ng system based on the degree of d!fferent!at!on of tumor cells.
c. Both answer opt!ons are true.
d. Ne!ther answer opt!ons are true.
, aNS: a
although a number of d!fferent stag!ng systems ex!st, the major!ty of cancers use a TNM
system. TNM stag!ng assesses the neoplasm !n three d!fferent areas: the s!ze or extent of the
pr!mary tumor (T), the extent of reg!onal lymph node !nvolvement by the tumor (N), and the
number of d!stant metastases (M).
REF: p. 10 OBJ: 10
7. The tumor Gleason grade reflects wh!ch !nformat!on about the
tumor? a. Stage
b. Degree of abnormal m!croscop!c appearance of the cells
c. Locat!on
d. None of the answer opt!ons
aNS: B
The Gleason grade correlates w!th extent of d!sease throughout the body and w!th prognos!s.
analys!s of prostate tumor h!stology !s performed, and the two predom!nant patterns are
recorded and scored from 1 to 5 (1 represents a well-d!fferent!ated h!stology; 5 !s the most
poorly d!fferent!ated).
REF: p. 12 OBJ: 10
8. Wh!ch statement correctly states the sequence of an allerg!c response w!th!n the body?
a. !mmunoglobul!n E (!gE) ant!bod!es enter the body and produce an allergen.
b. The release of h!stam!ne sens!t!zes mast cells and produces symptoms.
c. Exposure to allergen st!mulates product!on of !gE ant!bod!es that can subsequently tr!gger
symptoms of allergy.
d. H!stam!ne produces mast cells, wh!ch st!mulate plasma cells.
aNS: C
!n!t!al exposure to an allergen, wh!ch acts as an ant!gen (a substance that causes the allerg!c
response), st!mulates the product!on of !gE ant!bod!es, and the person thus !s sens!t!zed.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
9. System!c man!festat!on(s) of severe allerg!c responses !nclude wh!ch problem? a.
arthralg!a
b. Status asthmat!cus
c. anaphylax!s
d. all of the answer opt!ons
, aNS: D
Severe system!c man!festat!ons of allerg!c responses !nclude anaphylax!s, serum s!ckness,
arthralg!a, and status asthmat!cus. For example, anaphylax!s (anaphylact!c shock), the result
of a severe system!c allerg!c react!on, calls for emergency l!fe-sav!ng !ntervent!on.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: 14
10. Wh!ch order of steps !s most accurate when mak!ng a d!agnos!s?
a. Med!cal h!story, phys!cal exam!nat!on, d!agnost!c tests, d!agnos!s, !ntegrat!on of results,
treatment
b. Med!cal h!story, d!agnost!c tests, phys!cal exam!nat!on, treatment plan
c. Phys!cal exam!nat!on, med!cal h!story, rad!ographs, prognos!s, !ntegrat!on of all
!nformat!on
d. Compar!son of normals, phys!cal exam!nat!on, h!story, treatment plan, prognos!s
aNS: a
Establ!sh!ng a d!agnos!s !s a dec!s!on-mak!ng process !n wh!ch data collected from the
med!cal h!story, phys!cal exam!nat!on, and d!agnost!c tests are analyzed, !ntegrated, and
!nterpreted. a d!agnos!s prov!des a log!cal bas!s for determ!n!ng treatment and prognos!s.
REF: p. 16 OBJ: 16
11. Mechan!cal and chem!cal barr!ers, the !nflammatory response, and the !mmune response are a.
r!sk factors for d!sease.
b. the comb!ned effects of !nher!tance and env!ronmental factors.
c. !ncluded !n the body’s natural defense system aga!nst !nfect!on.
d. agents that damage deoxyr!bonucle!c ac!d.
aNS: C
The body’s natural defense systems aga!nst !nfect!on !nclude (1) natural mechan!cal and
chem!cal barr!ers, such as sk!n, the c!l!a, body pH, and normal body flora; (2) the
!nflammatory response; and (3) the !mmune response.
REF: p. 3 OBJ: 4
12. !mmune d!sorders are the result of a breakdown !n the body’s defense system that may
generate wh!ch problems? a. allerg!es
b. auto!mmune d!seases
c. !mmunodef!c!ency d!sorders
d. all of the answer opt!ons
