SHARP ECG Cardiac Electrophysiology, Arrhythmias, Conduction System, and
Hemodynamic Management: Mastery Review of SA/AV Nodes, Purkinje Fibers,
Pacemaker Physiology, Automaticity, Excitability, Conductivity, Contractility,
Action Potentials, Ion Flux (Na⁺, K⁺), Refractory Periods, Supraventricular &
Ventricular Rhythms, Sinus Bradycardia/Tachycardia, PACs, PJCs, PVCs,
Bigeminy, Trigeminy, Atrial Tachycardia (SVT), Atrial Flutter & Fibrillation,
Ventricular Tachycardia & Fibrillation, Idioventricular Rhythm, Accelerated
Junctional Rhythm, AV Blocks (1°, 2° Type I/II, 3°), Bundle Branch Blocks
(RBBB/LBBB), ST-T Wave Abnormalities, QT Interval, Pacemaker Malfunctions
(Failure to Capture/Fire/Sense), Cardiac Arrest Rhythms (PEA, Asystole, R-on-T),
and Advanced Cardiac Life Support Protocols Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
tachycardia and bradycardia
>100 bpm
<60 bpm
Bigeminy
every other complex is a PVC
Trigeminy
pattern in which every third complex is a premature beat
Premature Junctional Contraction (PJC)
Rate: Normal or accelerated
P wave: inverted or absent
QRS: normal
, Conduction: normal
rhythm: irregular: PICs occur early in cycle of baseline rhythm
-an ectopic pacemaker in the AV Junction produces PJC's
-may occur in heatlhy or diseased hearts
-if occasional, insignificant
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
Heart Rate: Depends on underlying rhythm
Regularity: Interrupts the regularity of underlying rhythm
P-Wave: can be flattened, notched, or unusual. May be hidden within the T wave
PRI: measures between .12-.20 seconds and can be prolonged; can be different from other complexes
QRS: <.12 seconds
Characteristics of Ventricular Tachycardia
Wide an bizarre QRS complex, greater than 100 beats per minute, absent P waves, no PRI, can be
monomorphic or polymorphic
SA node rate
60-100 bpm
AV node rate
40-60 bpm
Hemodynamic Management: Mastery Review of SA/AV Nodes, Purkinje Fibers,
Pacemaker Physiology, Automaticity, Excitability, Conductivity, Contractility,
Action Potentials, Ion Flux (Na⁺, K⁺), Refractory Periods, Supraventricular &
Ventricular Rhythms, Sinus Bradycardia/Tachycardia, PACs, PJCs, PVCs,
Bigeminy, Trigeminy, Atrial Tachycardia (SVT), Atrial Flutter & Fibrillation,
Ventricular Tachycardia & Fibrillation, Idioventricular Rhythm, Accelerated
Junctional Rhythm, AV Blocks (1°, 2° Type I/II, 3°), Bundle Branch Blocks
(RBBB/LBBB), ST-T Wave Abnormalities, QT Interval, Pacemaker Malfunctions
(Failure to Capture/Fire/Sense), Cardiac Arrest Rhythms (PEA, Asystole, R-on-T),
and Advanced Cardiac Life Support Protocols Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
tachycardia and bradycardia
>100 bpm
<60 bpm
Bigeminy
every other complex is a PVC
Trigeminy
pattern in which every third complex is a premature beat
Premature Junctional Contraction (PJC)
Rate: Normal or accelerated
P wave: inverted or absent
QRS: normal
, Conduction: normal
rhythm: irregular: PICs occur early in cycle of baseline rhythm
-an ectopic pacemaker in the AV Junction produces PJC's
-may occur in heatlhy or diseased hearts
-if occasional, insignificant
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
Heart Rate: Depends on underlying rhythm
Regularity: Interrupts the regularity of underlying rhythm
P-Wave: can be flattened, notched, or unusual. May be hidden within the T wave
PRI: measures between .12-.20 seconds and can be prolonged; can be different from other complexes
QRS: <.12 seconds
Characteristics of Ventricular Tachycardia
Wide an bizarre QRS complex, greater than 100 beats per minute, absent P waves, no PRI, can be
monomorphic or polymorphic
SA node rate
60-100 bpm
AV node rate
40-60 bpm
