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BPSC 21 Midterm 1 2026 Exam Questions and Answers (110 Questions) – Sustainable Agriculture, Citrus & Avocado Biology, Climate Change & Plant Physiology

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This document contains 110 verified exam questions and answers for BPSC 21 Midterm 1 (2026), covering sustainable agriculture, food security, California crop systems, plant structure and reproduction, seed biology, fruit types, grafting, domestication, plant physiology, nutrition, greenhouse gases, and climate change. The material integrates lecture content with applied agricultural case studies including citrus history in California, avocado production and alternate bearing, alfalfa as a forage and cover crop, nitrogen fixation in legumes, monoculture risks, and the biological basis of crop diversity and yield. The document provides in-depth coverage of food security definitions and dimensions, hunger and malnutrition, agricultural constraints (soil erosion, aquifer depletion, climate shocks, conflict), and the economic importance of California agriculture. It also explores citrus progenitors, Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and its transmission by the Asian Citrus Psyllid, grafting and clonal propagation, monocot versus dicot structure, fruit classifications (drupe, berry, hesperidium, achene), plant reproductive biology, and domestication processes. A substantial portion of the material focuses on plant biochemistry and human nutrition, including macronutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), enzyme function, insulin regulation, diabetes, essential fatty acids, LDL and HDL cholesterol, glucose polymers (starch, glycogen, cellulose), cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and enteric fermentation in livestock. The document also analyzes agriculture’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, methane production, the greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO₂ trends, carbon footprints of dietary choices, and the Paris Agreement. This resource is especially suitable for: Students enrolled in BPSC 21 or introductory plant biology courses Agriculture, environmental science, crop science, and sustainability majors Food systems and nutrition students studying plant-based macronutrients Biology and life science undergraduates preparing for midterm examinations Students reviewing climate change and agriculture interactions It serves as a comprehensive, structured study guide aligned with lecture objectives and core course themes in plant science, agricultural systems, and environmental biology. Keywords: sustainable agriculture, food security, hunger and malnutrition, California agriculture, citrus progenitors, HLB disease, Asian citrus psyllid, grafting, clonal propagation, monoculture, alternate bearing, avocado biology, alfalfa, nitrogen fixation, Fabaceae, plant reproduction, fruit types, drupe, hesperidium, achene, domestication, macronutrients, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, insulin regulation, diabetes, LDL and HDL cholesterol, essential fatty acids, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, greenhouse gases, methane emissions, enteric fermentation, carbon footprint, Paris Agreement

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BPSC Questions Midterm 1 2026
Exam Questions with 100%
Correct Answers | Latest Update



How to minimize agricultural water use - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔drip irrigation,

irrigation scheduling, and dry farming

how to reduce the negative impacts of conventional ag - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔organic farming (use insects as natural pesticides, hand weed fields,

cover beds to prevent weed growth)

,how to improve soil fertility - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔cover crops, compost and

mulch


How to achieve sustainable farm labor - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔mechanization and

proper provisions for farm laborers (water/rest breaks, shade, covid

protection)


Why is BPSC 21 called California's cornucopia? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔It is

called California's cornucopia because California is regarded as a

cornucopia, a symbol of abundant food source since it produces so much.

How does CA's agricultural production rank in the world? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔CA has the 5th largest economy in the world, mostly due to its

agriculture. It provides 2/3 of fruits and nuts, 1/3 of vegetables, and 81% of

wine in the US.


How is food security defined? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔"Food security exists when

all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient

safe and nutritious food that meet their dietary needs and food preferences

for an active and healthy life" 1996 World Food Summit


What are the four dimensions of food security? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.

Physical availability of food, 2. Economic and physical access to food, 3.

,Food utilization (food, safety, preparation, diversity), 4. The stability of the

dimension 1, 2, and 3 over time (be stable tmrw, the next, etc.)


What is hunger? Is it wide spread? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. Hunger is the

uncomfortable to painful sensation caused by insufficient food energy

consumption. It is wide spread, worldwide 821 million people were hungry

in 2018


What is malnutrition? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Deficiencies, excesses or

imbalances in consumption of macronutrients (protein, fats, carbs) and

micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)

How are food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty linked?: - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Food insecurity (due to low crop yields, bad quality [climate change,

pests, pathogens, soils], diversity) is hunger and malnutrition --> Leads to

poor physical and cognitive development --> Leads to low productivity -->

Leads to poverty

How do plant biologists try to break the food insecurity cycle? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Plant biologists can break the cycle by growing crops with high yields,

better quality (resistant to climate change, pests, pathogens, soils), and

grow with diversity (better for nutritional balance)


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, What two non-food issues contribute to food insecurity? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Conflict and Climate Shocks are major drivers of food insecurity. With

conflict (war, civil unrest) there are high rates of food insecurity, and climate

change leads to unpredictable and more frequent droughts, floods, etc. and

this has led to spikes in food insecurity

What are the effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic on food

insecurity?: - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Covid has led to unemployment rates going

up and this can increase poverty rates and overall increase the number of

food insecure Americans

What resource on UCR's campus will help UCR students with food

insecurity? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔R'Pantry


What are the constraints to Ag production? (use info from lecture and

readings): - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Rising population, soil erosion, depletion of

aquifers, rising temp, grain consumers going up


What are the goals of sustainable agriculture? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Must:

Produce abundant and safe food, reduce of harmful enjoinments inputs,

minimize the use of land and water, safe working conditions, protect

genetic makeup of native species, enhance crop diversity, fosters soil

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