C165 Integrated Physical Sciences Final Exam Study Notes Guide | Accurate & Verified Answers to
Pass Actual Exam
C165 – Integrated Physical Sciences
Comprehensive Study Notes & Guide
1. Scientific Inquiry
Term Definition Notes / Caution
Observation Using senses/tools to gather info Start of scientific
method
Hypothesis Testable prediction Always testable and
falsifiable
Theory Well-supported explanation from More robust than a
repeated experiments hypothesis
Law Statement describing consistent Does not explain why,
natural phenomena only what
Independent Factor you change “I change it”
Variable
Dependent Factor you measure “Data you collect”
Variable
Control Factors kept constant Prevents bias
Variable
Remember!:
Law ≠ Theory: A law describes; a theory explains.
Hypothesis ≠ Guess: It’s evidence-informed and testable.
, 2 physics
Wave Spectrum Overview
Wave Type Wavelength Frequency/ Use / Danger
Energy
Radio Longest Lowest Communication
Microwave Longer than Low-med Cooking, radar
infrared
Infrared Slightly longer than Medium Heat imaging
visible
Visible Medium Medium ROYGBIV spectrum
Light
Ultraviolet Shorter than visible Higher Sunburn, sterilization
(UV)
X-Rays Short High Medical imaging
Gamma Shortest Highest Cancer treatment,
Rays nuclear decay
Gamma Rays
Shortest λ (wavelength), highest f (frequency), highest E (energy).
Produced in nuclear decay, supernovae.
Can damage cells → sterilization or cancer treatment.
Memorize: Real Men Invented Very Unique X-ray Glasses → Radio → Microwave →
Infrared → Visible → UV → X-ray → Gamma.
Light Rays & Behavior
Term Definition Notes
Pass Actual Exam
C165 – Integrated Physical Sciences
Comprehensive Study Notes & Guide
1. Scientific Inquiry
Term Definition Notes / Caution
Observation Using senses/tools to gather info Start of scientific
method
Hypothesis Testable prediction Always testable and
falsifiable
Theory Well-supported explanation from More robust than a
repeated experiments hypothesis
Law Statement describing consistent Does not explain why,
natural phenomena only what
Independent Factor you change “I change it”
Variable
Dependent Factor you measure “Data you collect”
Variable
Control Factors kept constant Prevents bias
Variable
Remember!:
Law ≠ Theory: A law describes; a theory explains.
Hypothesis ≠ Guess: It’s evidence-informed and testable.
, 2 physics
Wave Spectrum Overview
Wave Type Wavelength Frequency/ Use / Danger
Energy
Radio Longest Lowest Communication
Microwave Longer than Low-med Cooking, radar
infrared
Infrared Slightly longer than Medium Heat imaging
visible
Visible Medium Medium ROYGBIV spectrum
Light
Ultraviolet Shorter than visible Higher Sunburn, sterilization
(UV)
X-Rays Short High Medical imaging
Gamma Shortest Highest Cancer treatment,
Rays nuclear decay
Gamma Rays
Shortest λ (wavelength), highest f (frequency), highest E (energy).
Produced in nuclear decay, supernovae.
Can damage cells → sterilization or cancer treatment.
Memorize: Real Men Invented Very Unique X-ray Glasses → Radio → Microwave →
Infrared → Visible → UV → X-ray → Gamma.
Light Rays & Behavior
Term Definition Notes
