N6101- unit 2 Questions With Complete Solutions
A quasi-experimental design Correct Answers is used when a
researcher decides that an experimental design cannot or should
not be used for an interventional study. This means that when an
experimental design can be used and is appropriate for
considerations posed by control of extraneous variables, site
limitations, subject availability, and time frame, it should be
used. Quasi means "like," and so quasi-experimental designs are
like experimental ones, but not equivalent to them, lacking one
or more of the three essential elements of experimental research:
(1) researcher-controlled manipulation of the independent
variable, (2) the traditional type of control group instead of
using either no control group at all or using subjects as their own
controls, and (3) random assignment of subjects to groups (see
Figure 11-7). Because these designs lack at least one of the
elements of experimental research, many of them harbor threats
to internal validity
Assurance of Anonymity and Confidentiality
hlfc Correct Answers Study participants must receive a
disclosure of alternatives related to their participation in a study.
They must be informed about appropriate, alternative procedures
or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to
them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic
pain of patients with osteoarthritis would need to make potential
subjects aware of other alternatives for pain management
available to them
Bias
,loss creditability great concern
-picking study needs randomization eliminates lots of biases
Correct Answers The word bias is derived from a French word
that means slant or oblique. In common parlance, it refers to a
point of view that differs from truth; it slants away from the
square, the objective, the balanced, leaning to one side. In
designing research, it is important to be aware of bias emanating
from decisions made during this phase of the study, because
many aspects of the design process are subject to bias.
Bias Correct Answers Potentially, all quantitative research
designs are affected by bias. An important concern in designing
a study is to identify possible sources of bias early in the process
and eliminate those that are susceptible to modification by using
better-trained observers, more precisely calibrated instruments,
stronger statistical analyses, more intelligently selected samples,
and operational definitions that are worded more specifically.
blocking Correct Answers in blocking the researcher includes
subjects with various levels of am extraneous variable in the
sample but controls the number of subjects at each level of the
variable and their random assignment to the groups with in the
study.
Box 9-1
Key Ideas of the Declaration of Helsinki Correct Answers know
pg 157
Causality Correct Answers Causality and correlation are
distinctly different. Causality refers to a cause-and-effect
relationship in which one variable causes a change in another.
,Interventional research tests the stated or implied hypothesis of a
cause-and-effect relationship between variables, in which a
researcher enacts an intervention that causes a change in the
dependent variable.
Clinical Context and Research Problems
-what, why, how,-- not focused on numbers Correct Answers
Qualitative researchers are motivated by the desire to know
more about a phenomenon, a social process, or a culture from
the perspectives of the people who are experiencing the
phenomenon, involved in the social process, or living in the
culture (Creswell, 2013).
cohort
know cohort
reseacher follow over time share same characteristic Correct
Answers The purpose of simple descriptive research is to
describe the phenomenon of interest and its component variables
within one single subject group.
Compensation for Participation in Research
hlfc Correct Answers For research involving more than minimal
risk, prospective subjects must be given an explanation as to
whether any compensation or medical treatment, or both, would
be available if injury should occur.
Comprehension of Consent Information Correct Answers
Informed consent implies not only the imparting of information
by the researcher but also the comprehension of that information
by the subject
, concept Correct Answers is a term that abstractly describes and
names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea, thus providing it
with a distinct identity or meaning.
Concepts Relevant to Quantitative Research Designs Correct
Answers Several of these terms—causality, multiple causality,
probability, bias, measurement, manipulation, control,
partitioning, prospective versus retrospective, and validity—
present varied aspects within different design types.
confounding variable Correct Answers is a special subtype of
extraneous variable, but it is unique in that it is embedded in the
study design because it is intertwined with the independent
variable.
Consent to Incomplete Disclosure Correct Answers In some
studies, subjects experience incomplete disclosure of study
information, or are not completely informed of the study
purpose, because that knowledge would alter their actions.
However, prospective subjects must know that certain
information is being withheld deliberately. You, the researcher,
must ensure that there are no undisclosed risks to the subjects
that are more than minimal and that their questions are truthfully
answered regarding the study. Subjects who are exposed to
nondisclosure of information must know when and how they
will be debriefed about the study. Subjects are debriefed by
informing them of the actual purpose of the study and the results
that were obtained
Construct validity Correct Answers in quantitative research
relates to whether a study measures all aspects of the concepts it
A quasi-experimental design Correct Answers is used when a
researcher decides that an experimental design cannot or should
not be used for an interventional study. This means that when an
experimental design can be used and is appropriate for
considerations posed by control of extraneous variables, site
limitations, subject availability, and time frame, it should be
used. Quasi means "like," and so quasi-experimental designs are
like experimental ones, but not equivalent to them, lacking one
or more of the three essential elements of experimental research:
(1) researcher-controlled manipulation of the independent
variable, (2) the traditional type of control group instead of
using either no control group at all or using subjects as their own
controls, and (3) random assignment of subjects to groups (see
Figure 11-7). Because these designs lack at least one of the
elements of experimental research, many of them harbor threats
to internal validity
Assurance of Anonymity and Confidentiality
hlfc Correct Answers Study participants must receive a
disclosure of alternatives related to their participation in a study.
They must be informed about appropriate, alternative procedures
or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to
them (U.S. DHHS, 2009). For example, nurse researchers
examining the effect of a distraction intervention on the chronic
pain of patients with osteoarthritis would need to make potential
subjects aware of other alternatives for pain management
available to them
Bias
,loss creditability great concern
-picking study needs randomization eliminates lots of biases
Correct Answers The word bias is derived from a French word
that means slant or oblique. In common parlance, it refers to a
point of view that differs from truth; it slants away from the
square, the objective, the balanced, leaning to one side. In
designing research, it is important to be aware of bias emanating
from decisions made during this phase of the study, because
many aspects of the design process are subject to bias.
Bias Correct Answers Potentially, all quantitative research
designs are affected by bias. An important concern in designing
a study is to identify possible sources of bias early in the process
and eliminate those that are susceptible to modification by using
better-trained observers, more precisely calibrated instruments,
stronger statistical analyses, more intelligently selected samples,
and operational definitions that are worded more specifically.
blocking Correct Answers in blocking the researcher includes
subjects with various levels of am extraneous variable in the
sample but controls the number of subjects at each level of the
variable and their random assignment to the groups with in the
study.
Box 9-1
Key Ideas of the Declaration of Helsinki Correct Answers know
pg 157
Causality Correct Answers Causality and correlation are
distinctly different. Causality refers to a cause-and-effect
relationship in which one variable causes a change in another.
,Interventional research tests the stated or implied hypothesis of a
cause-and-effect relationship between variables, in which a
researcher enacts an intervention that causes a change in the
dependent variable.
Clinical Context and Research Problems
-what, why, how,-- not focused on numbers Correct Answers
Qualitative researchers are motivated by the desire to know
more about a phenomenon, a social process, or a culture from
the perspectives of the people who are experiencing the
phenomenon, involved in the social process, or living in the
culture (Creswell, 2013).
cohort
know cohort
reseacher follow over time share same characteristic Correct
Answers The purpose of simple descriptive research is to
describe the phenomenon of interest and its component variables
within one single subject group.
Compensation for Participation in Research
hlfc Correct Answers For research involving more than minimal
risk, prospective subjects must be given an explanation as to
whether any compensation or medical treatment, or both, would
be available if injury should occur.
Comprehension of Consent Information Correct Answers
Informed consent implies not only the imparting of information
by the researcher but also the comprehension of that information
by the subject
, concept Correct Answers is a term that abstractly describes and
names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea, thus providing it
with a distinct identity or meaning.
Concepts Relevant to Quantitative Research Designs Correct
Answers Several of these terms—causality, multiple causality,
probability, bias, measurement, manipulation, control,
partitioning, prospective versus retrospective, and validity—
present varied aspects within different design types.
confounding variable Correct Answers is a special subtype of
extraneous variable, but it is unique in that it is embedded in the
study design because it is intertwined with the independent
variable.
Consent to Incomplete Disclosure Correct Answers In some
studies, subjects experience incomplete disclosure of study
information, or are not completely informed of the study
purpose, because that knowledge would alter their actions.
However, prospective subjects must know that certain
information is being withheld deliberately. You, the researcher,
must ensure that there are no undisclosed risks to the subjects
that are more than minimal and that their questions are truthfully
answered regarding the study. Subjects who are exposed to
nondisclosure of information must know when and how they
will be debriefed about the study. Subjects are debriefed by
informing them of the actual purpose of the study and the results
that were obtained
Construct validity Correct Answers in quantitative research
relates to whether a study measures all aspects of the concepts it
