advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam

Advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam with
verified questions and answers

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Fat Soluble Hormones - Answers Steroids
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Water Soluble Hormones - Answers Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid
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membranes
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Pituitary Hormones - Answers TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating
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Hormone
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Anterior Pituitary - Answers Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars
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distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary
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and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
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Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Answers Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of
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three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural
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tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from
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ventral hypothalamus.
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Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. - Answers Includes
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10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine,
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serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
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Pituitary stalk - Answers contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and
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paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
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,Hormones of posterior pituitary - Answers ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
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ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Answers Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control
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of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
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Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) - Answers HORMONES:
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Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin,
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Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
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Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
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TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
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Somatostatin - Answers Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
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Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Answers Stimulates release of FSH and LH st st st st st st st st st




Dopamine - Answers Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
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Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Answers Stimulate secretion of prolactin st st st st st st st st




Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - Answers ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating
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Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answers SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic st st st st st st st st




TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
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FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
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,Prolactin, - Answers Milk production st st st st




TSH - Answers Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answers Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answers Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In
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Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
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B-Lipotropin - Answers Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose
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Cells)
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B-Endorphins - Answers Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic,
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Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
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ADH functions - Answers Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2)
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receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water
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reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited
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by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
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Osmoreceptors - Answers st st st




High levels of ADH - Answers Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
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ADH secretion is controlled by: - Answers osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by
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increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the
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kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect
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on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
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, ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
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mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-
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25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
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ADH secretion decreased with: - Answers Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular
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volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol
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ingestion
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ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Answers Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during
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volume loss during shock states.
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Oxytocin - Answers Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may
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effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
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femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes
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the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
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Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Answers ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
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Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Answers Chromophobes, and chromophils
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Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the st st st st st st st st st st st




adenohypophysis.
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Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - Answers st st st st st st st st st




Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - Answers feedback from hypothalamic releasing-
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inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
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Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
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______________________and ________________ - Answers hypothalamus, Growth Hormone-
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releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits GH.
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