,Table of Content hy hy
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ..................................................................................................................................4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases .............................................................................................................13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease ....................................................................................................................23
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U SN T O ................................................................................................................................................................23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ................................................................................................27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity............................................................................................................................60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................66
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SINGTB.COM ...........................................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ............................................................................................................................76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ........................................................................................................................87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children............................................................................................................................91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ..............................................................................................................................94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 105
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Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function........................ 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction.......... 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition............................................................................................................................. 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ............................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ............................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 169
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Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function .............................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ........................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 192
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Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance:
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Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .......................................................................................... 210
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 210
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SINGTB.COM ......................................................................................................................................................... 223
U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 229
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SNT
hy hy h y h y O .............................................................................................................................................................. 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ................................................................................................. 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition............................................................................................................................. 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 265
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Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 273
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance:
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Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................... 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 295
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Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ............................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ............................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 337
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ........................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 352
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ..................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE hy
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled
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DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
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a. A single circular chromosome
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b. A nucleus hy
c. Free-floating nuclear material hy hy
d. No organelles hy
ANS: h y B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within
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its nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called
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a prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the
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nurse describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform
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nutrients to energy?
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a. Metabolic absorption hy
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D hy
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability
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involves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and
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secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would
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most of the genetic information be contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm hy
ANS: C hy
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of
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ribonucleic acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which
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is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration,
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while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling
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that is a component of the cell.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ..................................................................................................................................4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases .............................................................................................................13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease ....................................................................................................................23
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U SN T O ................................................................................................................................................................23
hy hy
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ................................................................................................27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity............................................................................................................................60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................66
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SINGTB.COM ...........................................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ............................................................................................................................76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ...............................................................................................................................81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ........................................................................................................................87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children............................................................................................................................91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ..............................................................................................................................94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 105
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Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function........................ 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction.......... 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition............................................................................................................................. 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ............................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ............................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 169
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Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function .............................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ........................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 192
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Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance:
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Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .......................................................................................... 210
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 210
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SINGTB.COM ......................................................................................................................................................... 223
U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 229
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SNT
hy hy h y h y O .............................................................................................................................................................. 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ................................................................................................. 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition............................................................................................................................. 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 265
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Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................ 273
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance:
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Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................... 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 295
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Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ............................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ............................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 337
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ........................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 352
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U SN T O .............................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding
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Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................. 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ..................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE hy
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled
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DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
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a. A single circular chromosome
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b. A nucleus hy
c. Free-floating nuclear material hy hy
d. No organelles hy
ANS: h y B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within
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its nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called
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a prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the
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nurse describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform
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nutrients to energy?
hy hy hy
a. Metabolic absorption hy
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D hy
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability
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involves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and
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secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would
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most of the genetic information be contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm hy
ANS: C hy
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of
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ribonucleic acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which
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is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration,
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while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling
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that is a component of the cell.
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REF: p. 2 hy hy