Intro Medical-Surgical Nursing by Timby & Smith: Ch 51 Caring for Clients with Diabetes Mellitus Metabolic Disorders Examination: Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Deficiency, Acute and Chronic Complications (DKA, HHS, Nephropathy, Retinop

Intro Medical-Surgical Nursing by Timby & Smith: Ch 51 Caring for Clients with Diabetes Mellitus Metabolic Disorders Examination: Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Deficiency, Acute and Chronic Complications (DKA, HHS, Nephropathy, Retinopathy, Neuropathy), Glucose Monitoring and Diagnostic Testing (Fasting, Postprandial, OGTT, HbA1C), Pharmacologic Management with Rapid-, Short-, Intermediate-, and Long-Acting Insulin Therapies (Onset, Peak, Duration), Renal Threshold and Microvascular Progression Staging, Hypoglycemia Management (Rule of 15), Metabolic Syndrome, Bariatric Surgery Interventions, and Clinical Manifestations of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemi bariatric surgery operative procedures on the stomach and small intestine for the purpose of achieving weight loss diabetes mellitus endocrine disorder of the pancreas that affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism diabetic ketoacidosis type of metabolic acidosis that occurs when there is an acute insulin deficiency or an inability to use whatever insulin the pancreas secretes diabetic nephropathy progressive decrease in renal function that occurs with diabetes mellitus diabetic retinopathy pathologic changes in the retina experienced by persons with diabetes fasting blood glucose blood test performed to detect and monitor diabetes mellitus gangrene death of tissue glucometer device that measures capillary blood glucose from blood sampled from a finger stick glycemic index measure of how fast a carbohydrate food is likely to raise blood sugar glycosuria glucose in the urine glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) amount of glucose stored within a hemoglobin molecule during it lifespan of 120 days hyperglycemia elevated blood glucose level hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome acute complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia without ketosis hypoglycemia low blood sugar level insulin independence Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges. insulin resistance decreased sensitivity to insulin at the tissue level ketoacidosis form of metabolic acidosis resulting from an accumulation of ketones in the blood ketonemia increased ketones in the blood ketones metabloic by-products of fat metabolism ketonuria substances in urine from the breakdown of fat metabolism Kussmaul's respirations fast, deep labored breathing lipoatrophy breakdown of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections lipohypertrophy