NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South Alabama
NU 545 ADVANCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UNIT 2 EXAM- UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH
ALABAMA 2026 – LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Correct Answer -Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent -
Correct Answer -Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? -
Correct Answer -Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
do not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or
Severed/Cut -
Correct Answer -Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? -
Correct Answer -Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed -
Correct Answer -1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers
the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize
damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and
lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact
with post synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of
axon terminal
1
,NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South Alabama
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of
schwann cells enclosed by the original basal lamina of the
endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured
axon and are similar to antegrade changes but only back to the
next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only
go back to what? -
Correct Answer -The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the
proximal segment of an injured axon? -
Correct Answer -7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And
what is regrowth limited to? -
Correct Answer -1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... -
Correct Answer -The greater the chances that the cell will die
and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves
play a factor? -
Correct Answer -Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord
recover slower and poorly because of the long distance
between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the
axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by
what -
Correct Answer -glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different
nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
2
, NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South Alabama
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on -
Correct Answer -1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received -
Correct Answer -3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic
area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye
movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side
of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? -
Correct Answer -Contralateral control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for?
-
Correct Answer -Motor aspect of speech. Speech and language
processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form words.
"Expressive aphasia"
3
NU 545 ADVANCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
UNIT 2 EXAM- UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH
ALABAMA 2026 – LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Correct Answer -Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent -
Correct Answer -Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? -
Correct Answer -Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
do not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or
Severed/Cut -
Correct Answer -Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? -
Correct Answer -Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed -
Correct Answer -1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers
the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize
damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and
lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact
with post synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of
axon terminal
1
,NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South Alabama
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of
schwann cells enclosed by the original basal lamina of the
endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured
axon and are similar to antegrade changes but only back to the
next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only
go back to what? -
Correct Answer -The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the
proximal segment of an injured axon? -
Correct Answer -7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And
what is regrowth limited to? -
Correct Answer -1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... -
Correct Answer -The greater the chances that the cell will die
and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves
play a factor? -
Correct Answer -Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord
recover slower and poorly because of the long distance
between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the
axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by
what -
Correct Answer -glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different
nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
2
, NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam- University of South Alabama
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on -
Correct Answer -1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received -
Correct Answer -3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic
area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye
movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? -
Correct Answer -Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side
of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? -
Correct Answer -Contralateral control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for?
-
Correct Answer -Motor aspect of speech. Speech and language
processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form words.
"Expressive aphasia"
3
