Nutrition Midterm #1 (NST10 UC Berkeley) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
INTRO // OBESITY
what did diseases and nutrition problems USED to be nutrient deficiencies
mostly associated with?
NOW, what are the most common class of diseases? (21st metabolism disorders
century)
how has life expectancy changed over time? steady increase // 1860 was 40, 1900 was 50, 2020 was 80
what is the definition of obesity? a disorder of body fat, identified with a BMI greater than 30
what is the equation for BMI? weight (kg) / height (m^2)
how has the prevalence of obesity changed recently? increased in US and all over the world
which groups are often most affected by obesity? lower income, minorities, increasing in youth
what diseases are associated with obesity? cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mellitus, liver disease, stroke, cancers, high
blood pressure, dyslipidemia, gallbladder disease, reproductive disfunction
what cognitive issues are associated with obesity? depression, sleep and breathing disturbances, alzheimer's
is obesity a normal variant? NO, even though lots of people are obese it is not a natural human variant
what is the number one cause of death for the first time cardiovascular disease
ever?
how have many single epidemic diseases been cured? nutritional discoveries
what is pellagra and how was it cured? epidemic, over 3 million cases, symtoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia. It was
discovered by Goldberger and Eluhjem discovered it was due to a lack of niacin
and by fortifying diets with niacin they were able to solve the problem.
what was rickets and how was it cured? affeced 80-90% of US children in 1900 and led to bone defects -- solved by
vitamin D
what was cretinism and how was it cured? cretinism is severe retardation, solved by adding iodine to salt
what was beri beri and how was it cured? extreme weakness, solved by thiamine supplementation
what cured scurvy? vitamin C
, what is anemia and how was it cured? anemia is severe iron deficiency and can be cured by supplementing iron and
folate
WEIGHT LOSS AND FITNESS
how is obesity described in terms of energy balance? the intake is greater than expenditure
to what degree is weight stable? usually within less than 2kg a year
how does adaptive energy expenditure work? we burn more or fewer calories each day depending on our changes in intake -
the metabolism is NOT a static system
what happened when people gained 10% of their body they ADAPTED and burned more calories even at resting (but on the flipside once
weight? you lose a certain amount of weight you stop and stabilize at a certain point)
is it hard to lose weight or hard to keep it off? hard to keep it off
what is cell memory and how is that relevant to obesity? if you lose weight, you are STILL different than someone that was originally your
current lower weight - there is memory in your cells that wants you to be back
where you were
what are the healthy ways to maintain weightloss? exercise, fewer bad calories (if you burn 3,000 kcal a week of exercise that is
standardly deemed sufficient)
what are the unhealthy ways to lose weight? cocaine, meth etc, smoking = minus 5 pounds
how is fitness defined? capacity for aerobic work
can you be fit and fat? yes
can you be thin and unfit? yes
how is cardiorespiratory fitness operationalized and operationally: exercise capacity on a treadmill
conceptualized? conceptually: capacity of body to do aerobic work
how is fitness described physiologically? the capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues (oxigenation of blood)
which has a higher risk of death - thin and unfit or fit and thin and unfit is a higher risk, but the problem is that most obese people are NOT
fat? fit and thus the risk levels are different
what is the major determinant of resting energy? lean body mass -- you can burn more calories even when resting if you have a
higher lean body mass
what is hypertension? high blood pressure (most common health condition correlated to obesity in the
US)
what is hyperlipidemia? high levels of lipids in the blood
what is dyslipidemia? abnormal amount of lipids in the blood
CORRECT Answers
INTRO // OBESITY
what did diseases and nutrition problems USED to be nutrient deficiencies
mostly associated with?
NOW, what are the most common class of diseases? (21st metabolism disorders
century)
how has life expectancy changed over time? steady increase // 1860 was 40, 1900 was 50, 2020 was 80
what is the definition of obesity? a disorder of body fat, identified with a BMI greater than 30
what is the equation for BMI? weight (kg) / height (m^2)
how has the prevalence of obesity changed recently? increased in US and all over the world
which groups are often most affected by obesity? lower income, minorities, increasing in youth
what diseases are associated with obesity? cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mellitus, liver disease, stroke, cancers, high
blood pressure, dyslipidemia, gallbladder disease, reproductive disfunction
what cognitive issues are associated with obesity? depression, sleep and breathing disturbances, alzheimer's
is obesity a normal variant? NO, even though lots of people are obese it is not a natural human variant
what is the number one cause of death for the first time cardiovascular disease
ever?
how have many single epidemic diseases been cured? nutritional discoveries
what is pellagra and how was it cured? epidemic, over 3 million cases, symtoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia. It was
discovered by Goldberger and Eluhjem discovered it was due to a lack of niacin
and by fortifying diets with niacin they were able to solve the problem.
what was rickets and how was it cured? affeced 80-90% of US children in 1900 and led to bone defects -- solved by
vitamin D
what was cretinism and how was it cured? cretinism is severe retardation, solved by adding iodine to salt
what was beri beri and how was it cured? extreme weakness, solved by thiamine supplementation
what cured scurvy? vitamin C
, what is anemia and how was it cured? anemia is severe iron deficiency and can be cured by supplementing iron and
folate
WEIGHT LOSS AND FITNESS
how is obesity described in terms of energy balance? the intake is greater than expenditure
to what degree is weight stable? usually within less than 2kg a year
how does adaptive energy expenditure work? we burn more or fewer calories each day depending on our changes in intake -
the metabolism is NOT a static system
what happened when people gained 10% of their body they ADAPTED and burned more calories even at resting (but on the flipside once
weight? you lose a certain amount of weight you stop and stabilize at a certain point)
is it hard to lose weight or hard to keep it off? hard to keep it off
what is cell memory and how is that relevant to obesity? if you lose weight, you are STILL different than someone that was originally your
current lower weight - there is memory in your cells that wants you to be back
where you were
what are the healthy ways to maintain weightloss? exercise, fewer bad calories (if you burn 3,000 kcal a week of exercise that is
standardly deemed sufficient)
what are the unhealthy ways to lose weight? cocaine, meth etc, smoking = minus 5 pounds
how is fitness defined? capacity for aerobic work
can you be fit and fat? yes
can you be thin and unfit? yes
how is cardiorespiratory fitness operationalized and operationally: exercise capacity on a treadmill
conceptualized? conceptually: capacity of body to do aerobic work
how is fitness described physiologically? the capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues (oxigenation of blood)
which has a higher risk of death - thin and unfit or fit and thin and unfit is a higher risk, but the problem is that most obese people are NOT
fat? fit and thus the risk levels are different
what is the major determinant of resting energy? lean body mass -- you can burn more calories even when resting if you have a
higher lean body mass
what is hypertension? high blood pressure (most common health condition correlated to obesity in the
US)
what is hyperlipidemia? high levels of lipids in the blood
what is dyslipidemia? abnormal amount of lipids in the blood
