BIOD 331: Module 3 Exam Portage Learning Questions and
Answers 2026
BIOD 331: Module 3 (Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing).
1. Which of the following is the primary objective of the inflammatory response?
A) To cause permanent tissue damage.
B) To minimize the effects of injury and facilitate healing.
C) To increase blood pressure.
D) To stop the production of white blood cells.
Answer: B
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response designed to eliminate the initial cause
of cell injury and initiate repair.
2. Which cardinal sign of acute inflammation is caused by increased capillary
permeability?
A) Rubor (Redness)
B) Calor (Heat)
C) Tumor (Swelling/Edema)
D) Dolor (Pain)
Answer: C
Rationale: When capillaries become "leaky," fluid and proteins move into the interstitial
space, causing swelling.
3. "Acute Inflammation" is characterized by which predominant cell type?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) Fibroblasts
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the "first responders" that arrive at the site of injury within
minutes.
4. The "vascular phase" of inflammation begins with a brief period of ________
followed by ________.
A) Vasodilation; Vasoconstriction
B) Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation
,C) Swelling; Pain
D) Clotting; Bleeding
Answer: B
Rationale: Immediate vasoconstriction helps control bleeding, followed by rapid
vasodilation to bring immune cells to the area.
5. Which chemical mediator, released by mast cells, is primarily responsible for
vasodilation in the early stages of inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Insulin
Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine is among the first mediators released, causing rapid dilation of
arterioles and increased permeability.
6. "Margination" refers to the process where leukocytes:
A) Exit the bloodstream.
B) Accumulate and adhere along the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
C) Digest bacteria.
D) Die via apoptosis.
Answer: B
Rationale: As blood flow slows, leukocytes move to the periphery of the vessel to
prepare for transmigration.
7. Which type of exudate is thin, watery, and low in protein content?
A) Fibrinous exudate
B) Purulent exudate
C) Serous exudate
D) Hemorrhagic exudate
Answer: C
Rationale: Serous exudate is similar to the fluid found in a skin blister.
8. "Purulent exudate" (pus) is primarily composed of:
A) Pure red blood cells.
B) Degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris.
C) Clear water.
D) Platelets.
Answer: B
, Rationale: Pus indicates a localized infection, often bacterial, where neutrophils have
been active.
9. Chronic inflammation differs from acute inflammation because it often
involves:
A) Neutrophils and rapid healing.
B) Macrophages, lymphocytes, and proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis).
C) Immediate resolution.
D) Only redness and no swelling.
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is long-term and characterized by tissue destruction
and simultaneous attempts at repair (fibrosis).
10. A "Granuloma" is a characteristic feature of:
A) Acute appendicitis.
B) Chronic inflammation (e.g., Tuberculosis).
C) A simple paper cut.
D) Sunburn.
Answer: B
Rationale: A granuloma is a mass of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes, meant
to "wall off" a foreign agent the body cannot eliminate.
11. Which systemic manifestation of inflammation is caused by pyrogens acting
on the hypothalamus?
A) Leukocytosis
B) Fever (Pyrexia)
C) Anorexia
D) Lethargy
Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens (like cytokines) reset the body's "thermostat" in the hypothalamus
to a higher level.
12. "Leukocytosis" refers to:
A) A decrease in white blood cells.
B) An increase in the total number of circulating white blood cells.
C) A lack of oxygen in the blood.
D) The death of skin cells.
Answer: B
Rationale: The bone marrow releases more WBCs into the blood to help fight infection
or inflammation.
Answers 2026
BIOD 331: Module 3 (Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing).
1. Which of the following is the primary objective of the inflammatory response?
A) To cause permanent tissue damage.
B) To minimize the effects of injury and facilitate healing.
C) To increase blood pressure.
D) To stop the production of white blood cells.
Answer: B
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response designed to eliminate the initial cause
of cell injury and initiate repair.
2. Which cardinal sign of acute inflammation is caused by increased capillary
permeability?
A) Rubor (Redness)
B) Calor (Heat)
C) Tumor (Swelling/Edema)
D) Dolor (Pain)
Answer: C
Rationale: When capillaries become "leaky," fluid and proteins move into the interstitial
space, causing swelling.
3. "Acute Inflammation" is characterized by which predominant cell type?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) Fibroblasts
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the "first responders" that arrive at the site of injury within
minutes.
4. The "vascular phase" of inflammation begins with a brief period of ________
followed by ________.
A) Vasodilation; Vasoconstriction
B) Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation
,C) Swelling; Pain
D) Clotting; Bleeding
Answer: B
Rationale: Immediate vasoconstriction helps control bleeding, followed by rapid
vasodilation to bring immune cells to the area.
5. Which chemical mediator, released by mast cells, is primarily responsible for
vasodilation in the early stages of inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Insulin
Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine is among the first mediators released, causing rapid dilation of
arterioles and increased permeability.
6. "Margination" refers to the process where leukocytes:
A) Exit the bloodstream.
B) Accumulate and adhere along the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
C) Digest bacteria.
D) Die via apoptosis.
Answer: B
Rationale: As blood flow slows, leukocytes move to the periphery of the vessel to
prepare for transmigration.
7. Which type of exudate is thin, watery, and low in protein content?
A) Fibrinous exudate
B) Purulent exudate
C) Serous exudate
D) Hemorrhagic exudate
Answer: C
Rationale: Serous exudate is similar to the fluid found in a skin blister.
8. "Purulent exudate" (pus) is primarily composed of:
A) Pure red blood cells.
B) Degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris.
C) Clear water.
D) Platelets.
Answer: B
, Rationale: Pus indicates a localized infection, often bacterial, where neutrophils have
been active.
9. Chronic inflammation differs from acute inflammation because it often
involves:
A) Neutrophils and rapid healing.
B) Macrophages, lymphocytes, and proliferation of blood vessels (angiogenesis).
C) Immediate resolution.
D) Only redness and no swelling.
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is long-term and characterized by tissue destruction
and simultaneous attempts at repair (fibrosis).
10. A "Granuloma" is a characteristic feature of:
A) Acute appendicitis.
B) Chronic inflammation (e.g., Tuberculosis).
C) A simple paper cut.
D) Sunburn.
Answer: B
Rationale: A granuloma is a mass of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes, meant
to "wall off" a foreign agent the body cannot eliminate.
11. Which systemic manifestation of inflammation is caused by pyrogens acting
on the hypothalamus?
A) Leukocytosis
B) Fever (Pyrexia)
C) Anorexia
D) Lethargy
Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens (like cytokines) reset the body's "thermostat" in the hypothalamus
to a higher level.
12. "Leukocytosis" refers to:
A) A decrease in white blood cells.
B) An increase in the total number of circulating white blood cells.
C) A lack of oxygen in the blood.
D) The death of skin cells.
Answer: B
Rationale: The bone marrow releases more WBCs into the blood to help fight infection
or inflammation.
