MUSCLE FORCE FOR SWALLOWING
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PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTORS:
3 skeletal muscles that form Pharynx Wall:
- superior
- middle
- inferior
*Provide force for swallowing - pushes food down
the pharynx
EFFECTS OF INSULIN: ABSORPTIVE STATE
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, Digested food is converted into sugar or glucose.
-4 hrs., b/f and after meals
Insulin is a Hormone that ALLOWS GLUCOSE TO ENTER CELLS For energy.
Insulin:
-INCREASES liver and muscle glycogenesis,
-INCREASES adipose tissue
-INCREASES triglycerides uptake
-INCREASES amino acid uptake
EFFECTS OF GLUCAGON: POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE
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Body uses nutrient stores for energy.
Glucagon:
-INCREASES liver glycogenolysis
-INCREASES gluconeogenesis
-INCREASES Triglyceride Breakdown
-NO EFFECT on amino acids
88. Describe the process of temperature regulation by the hypothalamus.
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HTH & TEMP REGULATION
*constant core body temp of head/neck region
*monitors blood temp/nerve signals from skin
-Shivering: skeletal muscle contraction
-Goosebumps: Arector Pilli muscle contraction
-Sweating: metabolic rate increases --> to rid of
heat, stimulates sweat glands
, -Increase TH secretion: T3 & T4
--->INCREASES cell metabolic rate
--->INCREASES # of Na+/K+ pumps
--->more ATP used --> more heat
generated
ENZYMES IN THE ORAL CAVITY
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Oral cavity and salivary glands: saliva moistens food to form bolus, salivary
amylase begins starch breakdown, teeth begin mechanical digestion
18. Name the parts of the renal tubule.
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Made of 3 connected segments:
1.)proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2.)nephron loop(Loop of Henle)
-descending limb
-ascending limb
3.)distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
32. Describe the regulation of K+ concentration in the urine
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, K+:
- both secreted & reabsorbed
- how much lost in urine regulated
PCT:
- 60-80% K+ reabsorbed
- K+amount depends on Na+ resorption
- More Na+ resorbed ,more water follows
increasing concentration of other solutes (K+,
Mg++, Ca++, PO43-)
-These solutes passively move down concentration gradient
-Nephron loop: 10-20% K+ resorbed
-Collecting tubule:
----Type A intercalated cells resorb K+
constantly, principal cells secrete varying
amount
---- Aldosterone causes K+ secretion, high
blood K+ stimulates aldosterone
secretion
1. What is Dalton's law? How do you calculate partial pressures for gases?
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Dalton's Law:
Total Pressure = sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
P_total= P_1+ P_2+⋯
P_(individual gas)=P_total*Mole Fraction of that Gas
30. Which hormones regulate Na+ reabsorption and what are their effects?
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTORS:
3 skeletal muscles that form Pharynx Wall:
- superior
- middle
- inferior
*Provide force for swallowing - pushes food down
the pharynx
EFFECTS OF INSULIN: ABSORPTIVE STATE
Give this one a try later!
, Digested food is converted into sugar or glucose.
-4 hrs., b/f and after meals
Insulin is a Hormone that ALLOWS GLUCOSE TO ENTER CELLS For energy.
Insulin:
-INCREASES liver and muscle glycogenesis,
-INCREASES adipose tissue
-INCREASES triglycerides uptake
-INCREASES amino acid uptake
EFFECTS OF GLUCAGON: POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE
Give this one a try later!
Body uses nutrient stores for energy.
Glucagon:
-INCREASES liver glycogenolysis
-INCREASES gluconeogenesis
-INCREASES Triglyceride Breakdown
-NO EFFECT on amino acids
88. Describe the process of temperature regulation by the hypothalamus.
Give this one a try later!
HTH & TEMP REGULATION
*constant core body temp of head/neck region
*monitors blood temp/nerve signals from skin
-Shivering: skeletal muscle contraction
-Goosebumps: Arector Pilli muscle contraction
-Sweating: metabolic rate increases --> to rid of
heat, stimulates sweat glands
, -Increase TH secretion: T3 & T4
--->INCREASES cell metabolic rate
--->INCREASES # of Na+/K+ pumps
--->more ATP used --> more heat
generated
ENZYMES IN THE ORAL CAVITY
Give this one a try later!
Oral cavity and salivary glands: saliva moistens food to form bolus, salivary
amylase begins starch breakdown, teeth begin mechanical digestion
18. Name the parts of the renal tubule.
Give this one a try later!
Made of 3 connected segments:
1.)proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2.)nephron loop(Loop of Henle)
-descending limb
-ascending limb
3.)distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
32. Describe the regulation of K+ concentration in the urine
Give this one a try later!
, K+:
- both secreted & reabsorbed
- how much lost in urine regulated
PCT:
- 60-80% K+ reabsorbed
- K+amount depends on Na+ resorption
- More Na+ resorbed ,more water follows
increasing concentration of other solutes (K+,
Mg++, Ca++, PO43-)
-These solutes passively move down concentration gradient
-Nephron loop: 10-20% K+ resorbed
-Collecting tubule:
----Type A intercalated cells resorb K+
constantly, principal cells secrete varying
amount
---- Aldosterone causes K+ secretion, high
blood K+ stimulates aldosterone
secretion
1. What is Dalton's law? How do you calculate partial pressures for gases?
Give this one a try later!
Dalton's Law:
Total Pressure = sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
P_total= P_1+ P_2+⋯
P_(individual gas)=P_total*Mole Fraction of that Gas
30. Which hormones regulate Na+ reabsorption and what are their effects?
Give this one a try later!
