Bio 124 Exam Lymphatic and Immune
System
Bio 124 Lymphatic Transport and
Immunity Exam 2026/ Bio 124 The
Lymphatic System and Immunity Exam
/Bio 124 Exam The Lymphatic System
and Immunity
All 450 Questions With Correct Answers
What tissue contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes? - ANSWER✔️Red
bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes.
Is lymph more similar to blood plasma or interstitial fluid? Why? -
ANSWER✔️Lymph is more similar to interstitial fluid than to blood plasma
because the protein content of lymph is low.
Which lymphatic vessels empty into the cisterna chyli, and which duct receives
lymph from the cisterna chyli? - ANSWER✔️The left and right lumbar trunks and
the intestinal trunk empty into the cisterna chyli, which then drains into the
thoracic duct.
Does inhalation promote or hinder the flow of lymph? - ANSWER✔️Inhalation
promotes the movement of lymph from abdominal lymphatic vessels toward the
thoracic region because the pressure in the vessels of the thoracic region is lower
than the pressure in the abdominal region when a person inhales.
Which type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus? - ANSWER✔️T cells mature in
the thymus.
,What happens to foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node? -
ANSWER✔️Foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node may be
phagocytized by macrophages or attacked by lymphocytes that mount immune
responses.
After birth, what are the main functions of the spleen? - ANSWER✔️White pulp
of the spleen functions in immunity; red pulp of the speen performs functions
related to blood cells.
When do lymphatic tissues begin to develop? - ANSWER✔️Lymphatic tissues
begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of gestation.
What chemicals are responsible for killing ingested microbes? -
ANSWER✔️Lysozyme, digestive enzymes, and oxidants can kill microbes
ingested during phagocytosis.
What causes redness during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Redness results from
increased blood flow due to vasodilation.
What causes pain during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Pain results from injury of
nerve fibers, irritation by microbial toxins, kinins, and prostaglandins, and pressure
due to edema.
What causes heat during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Heat results from increased
blood flow and heat released by locally increased metabolic reactions.
What causes swelling during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Swelling results from
leakage of fluid from capillaries due to increased permeability.
Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated and antibody mediated
immune responses? - ANSWER✔️Helper T cells participate in both cell-mediated
and antibody-mediated immune responses.
What is the difference between an epitope and a hapten? - ANSWER✔️Epitopes
are small immunogenic parts of a larger antigen; haptens are small molecules that
become immunogenic only when they attach to a body protein.
,What types of cells are APCs, and where in the body are they found? -
ANSWER✔️APCs include macrophages in tissues throughout the body, B cells in
blood and lymphatic tissue, and dendritic cells in mucous membranes and the skin.
What are some examples of endogenous antigens? - ANSWER✔️Endogenous
antigens include viral proteins, toxins from intracellular bacteria, and abnormal
proteins synthesized by a cancerous cell.
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T cell? - ANSWER✔️The
first signal in T cell activation is antigen binding to a TCR; the second signal is a
costimulator, such as a cytokine or another pair of plasma membrane molecules.
What is the function of the CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell? - ANSWER✔️The
CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell binds to the MHC-I-molecule of an infected body
cell to help anchor the T cell receptor (TCR)-antigen interaction so that antigen
recognition can occur.
In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are
attacked by cytotoxic T cells? - ANSWER✔️Cytotoxic T cells attack some tumor
cells and transplanted tissue cells, as well as cells infected by microbes.
How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma cells in one
clone? - ANSWER✔️Since all of the plasma cells are part of the same clone, they
secrete just one kind of antibody.
What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule? -
ANSWER✔️The variable regions recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
Which pathway for activation of complement involves antibodies? Explain why. -
ANSWER✔️The classical pathway for the activation of complement is linked to
antibody-mediated immunity because Ag-Ab complexes activate C1.
How much more IgG is circulating in the blood in the secondary response than in
the primary response? - ANSWER✔️At peak secretion, approximately 1000 times
more IgG is produced in the secondary response than in the primary response.
, How does deletion differ from anergy? - ANSWER✔️In deletion, self-reactive T
cells or B cells die; in anergy, T cells or B cells are alive but are unresponsive to
antigenic stimulation.
Which cells of the immune system are attacked by HIV? - ANSWER✔️HIV
attacks helper T cells.
What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune system? - ANSWER✔️Drain
excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses.
What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? -
ANSWER✔️Location
Lack of resistance is also known as: - ANSWER✔️Susceptibility
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white? -
ANSWER✔️Lipids
What are the organs of the immune system? - ANSWER✔️Thymus, lymph nodes,
spleen, and lymphatic nodules.
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from - ANSWER✔️Thoracic Duct
The lymph from the right foot empties into the - ANSWER✔️Thoracic Duct
The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in - ANSWER✔️Lymphatic,
immune, and cardiovascular systems
Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? -
ANSWER✔️Thymus
Which portion of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules. -
ANSWER✔️Inner Cortex
What is the function of the spleen? - ANSWER✔️Immune functions, destruction
of blood-borne pathogens, removal of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells
and platelets, storage of platelets, and production of blood cells during fetal life.
System
Bio 124 Lymphatic Transport and
Immunity Exam 2026/ Bio 124 The
Lymphatic System and Immunity Exam
/Bio 124 Exam The Lymphatic System
and Immunity
All 450 Questions With Correct Answers
What tissue contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes? - ANSWER✔️Red
bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes.
Is lymph more similar to blood plasma or interstitial fluid? Why? -
ANSWER✔️Lymph is more similar to interstitial fluid than to blood plasma
because the protein content of lymph is low.
Which lymphatic vessels empty into the cisterna chyli, and which duct receives
lymph from the cisterna chyli? - ANSWER✔️The left and right lumbar trunks and
the intestinal trunk empty into the cisterna chyli, which then drains into the
thoracic duct.
Does inhalation promote or hinder the flow of lymph? - ANSWER✔️Inhalation
promotes the movement of lymph from abdominal lymphatic vessels toward the
thoracic region because the pressure in the vessels of the thoracic region is lower
than the pressure in the abdominal region when a person inhales.
Which type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus? - ANSWER✔️T cells mature in
the thymus.
,What happens to foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node? -
ANSWER✔️Foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node may be
phagocytized by macrophages or attacked by lymphocytes that mount immune
responses.
After birth, what are the main functions of the spleen? - ANSWER✔️White pulp
of the spleen functions in immunity; red pulp of the speen performs functions
related to blood cells.
When do lymphatic tissues begin to develop? - ANSWER✔️Lymphatic tissues
begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of gestation.
What chemicals are responsible for killing ingested microbes? -
ANSWER✔️Lysozyme, digestive enzymes, and oxidants can kill microbes
ingested during phagocytosis.
What causes redness during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Redness results from
increased blood flow due to vasodilation.
What causes pain during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Pain results from injury of
nerve fibers, irritation by microbial toxins, kinins, and prostaglandins, and pressure
due to edema.
What causes heat during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Heat results from increased
blood flow and heat released by locally increased metabolic reactions.
What causes swelling during inflammation? - ANSWER✔️Swelling results from
leakage of fluid from capillaries due to increased permeability.
Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated and antibody mediated
immune responses? - ANSWER✔️Helper T cells participate in both cell-mediated
and antibody-mediated immune responses.
What is the difference between an epitope and a hapten? - ANSWER✔️Epitopes
are small immunogenic parts of a larger antigen; haptens are small molecules that
become immunogenic only when they attach to a body protein.
,What types of cells are APCs, and where in the body are they found? -
ANSWER✔️APCs include macrophages in tissues throughout the body, B cells in
blood and lymphatic tissue, and dendritic cells in mucous membranes and the skin.
What are some examples of endogenous antigens? - ANSWER✔️Endogenous
antigens include viral proteins, toxins from intracellular bacteria, and abnormal
proteins synthesized by a cancerous cell.
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T cell? - ANSWER✔️The
first signal in T cell activation is antigen binding to a TCR; the second signal is a
costimulator, such as a cytokine or another pair of plasma membrane molecules.
What is the function of the CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell? - ANSWER✔️The
CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell binds to the MHC-I-molecule of an infected body
cell to help anchor the T cell receptor (TCR)-antigen interaction so that antigen
recognition can occur.
In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are
attacked by cytotoxic T cells? - ANSWER✔️Cytotoxic T cells attack some tumor
cells and transplanted tissue cells, as well as cells infected by microbes.
How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma cells in one
clone? - ANSWER✔️Since all of the plasma cells are part of the same clone, they
secrete just one kind of antibody.
What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule? -
ANSWER✔️The variable regions recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
Which pathway for activation of complement involves antibodies? Explain why. -
ANSWER✔️The classical pathway for the activation of complement is linked to
antibody-mediated immunity because Ag-Ab complexes activate C1.
How much more IgG is circulating in the blood in the secondary response than in
the primary response? - ANSWER✔️At peak secretion, approximately 1000 times
more IgG is produced in the secondary response than in the primary response.
, How does deletion differ from anergy? - ANSWER✔️In deletion, self-reactive T
cells or B cells die; in anergy, T cells or B cells are alive but are unresponsive to
antigenic stimulation.
Which cells of the immune system are attacked by HIV? - ANSWER✔️HIV
attacks helper T cells.
What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune system? - ANSWER✔️Drain
excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses.
What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? -
ANSWER✔️Location
Lack of resistance is also known as: - ANSWER✔️Susceptibility
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white? -
ANSWER✔️Lipids
What are the organs of the immune system? - ANSWER✔️Thymus, lymph nodes,
spleen, and lymphatic nodules.
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from - ANSWER✔️Thoracic Duct
The lymph from the right foot empties into the - ANSWER✔️Thoracic Duct
The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in - ANSWER✔️Lymphatic,
immune, and cardiovascular systems
Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? -
ANSWER✔️Thymus
Which portion of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules. -
ANSWER✔️Inner Cortex
What is the function of the spleen? - ANSWER✔️Immune functions, destruction
of blood-borne pathogens, removal of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells
and platelets, storage of platelets, and production of blood cells during fetal life.
