NRvj 412v j -
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
1. Howvjarevjacidsvjformedvjinvjthevjbody?:vjasvjendvjproductsvjofvjprotein,vjcarbvjandvjfatvjmetabolism
2. whatvjisvjthevjbody'svjnormalvjpH?:vj7.35-7.45
3. howv j isv j pHv j inv j thev j bodyv j maintained?:v j H+vjarevjneutralizedvjbyvjthevjretentionvjofvjbicarbonatevjorvjexcret
ed
4. whatvjtwovjorgansvjplayvjthevjlargestvjrolevjofvjacid-basevjbalanace?:vjlungsvjandvjkidneys
5. whatv j doesv j av j pHv j belowv j 6.8v j mean?:v j death
6. whatv j doesv j av j pHv j abovev j 7.8v j mean?:v j death
7. Acid-
basevjbalancevjinvjthevjbodyvjisvjmainlyvjconcernedvjwithvjwhatvjions?:vjhydrogenv(j H+)vjandvjbica
rbonatevj(HCO3-)
8. whatv j isv j av j bufferv j system?:v j avjprotectivevjcushion/shieldvjthatvjhelpsvjregulatevjthevjpHvjofvjthevjbodyvjfromvjgo
ingvjtovjhighvjorvjtovjlowvjtoovjfast
9. whatv j isv j av j buffer?:v j ChemicalvjthatvjcanvjbindvjexcessivevjH+vjorvjOH−vjwithoutvjavjsignificantvjchangevjinvjpH.vjthinkvjw
eakvjacidvjandvjconjugatevjbasevjorvjweakvjbasevjandvjconjugatevjacid.
10. wherevjarevjbuffersvjlocatedvjinvjthevjbody?:vjICFvjandvjECF
11. whyvjdoesvjthevjbodyvjrequirevjavjbuffervjsystem?:vjwevjhavevjacidsvjbeingvjgeneratedvjinvjthevjbodyvja
llvjthevjtime.vjthesevjacidsvjreadilyvjgivevjupvjH+,vjleadingvjtovjdecreasevjinvjpHvj--
>vjbuttersvjarevjusedvjasvjavjwayvjtovjhandlevjchangevjinvjH+vjconcentrationvjandvjavoidvjdrasticvjshiftvjinvjpH
12. whatvjisvjphysiologicvjpHvjtellingvjyouvjaboutvjthevjbody?:vjitvjisvjavjquantificationvjofvjthevjbalancevjo
fvjacidvjandvjbases
13. whatv j isv j carbonicv j acid?:v j -H2CO3
-mostvjimportantvjweakvjacidvjinvjbody
-formsvjwhenvjcarbonvjdioxidevjcombinesvjwithvjwatervjviavjcarbonicvjhydralase
14. whatvjisvjthevjconjugatevjbasevjofvjcarbonicvjacid?:vjHCO3
-vjBicarbonate
15. whatvjisvjnoteablevjaboutvjcarbonicvjacidvjbeingvjavjweakvjacid?:vjisvjeasilyvjdissociatedvjfromvjH+vj
ionvjtovjformvjbicarbvjandvjH+
HCO3vj<->vjHCO3-vj+vjH+
16. whyvjisvjcarbonicvjacidvjsovjabundantvjinvjthevjbody?:vjbodyvjhasvjlargevjconcentrationsvjofvjCO2vjan
dvjH2O
17. whatvjdoesvjcarbonicvjacidvjdovjwhenvjthevjbodiesvj[H+]vjdrops?:v j itvjisvjavjweakvjacidvjsovjdissociate
, NRvj 412v j -
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
svjfromvjintovjHCO3-vjandvjH+vjtovjincreasevj[H+]vj~butter~vjthevjpHvjandvjkeepvjstable
, NRvj 412v j -
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
18. whatvjhappensvjwhenvjthevj[H+]vjincreasevjinvjthevjbody?:vjbicarbvjwillvjbindvjwithvjfreevjH+vjionsvjto
vjformvjcarbonicvjacidvjwhichvjcanvjdissociatevjintovjH2OvjandvjCO2vjandvjextravjCO2vjcanvjbevjbreathed vjottvjbyvjthevjlungs
19. explainv j howv j thev j bufferv j systemv j worksv j inv j thev j bodyv j whenv j av j strongv j basev j is
vjaddedvjtovjthevjenvironmentvjviavjcarbonicvjacidvjbuffering:vj-
strongvjbasevjinvjECFvjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjtwovjcomponentsvj(Na+vjandvjOH-)
-H+vjionsvjwillvjbindvjOH-vjtovjformvjH2O
-CO2vjfromvjthevjbodyvjwillvjbindvjH2OvjandvjformvjHCO3
-HCO3vjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjHCO3-vjandvjH+
-H+vjwillvjthenvjincreasevjinvjECFvjandvjmaintainvjbalance
20. explainv j howv j thev j bufferv j systemv j worksv j inv j thev j bodyv j whenv j av j strongv j acidv j isv
j addedvjtovjthevjenvironmentvjviavjcarbonicvjacidvjbuffering:vj-
strongvjacidvjinvjECFvjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjcomponentsvj(H+vjandvjCl-)
-H+ionsvjwillvjbindvjHCO3-vjtovjconvertvjintovjH2CO3
-H2CO3vjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjCO2vjandvjH2O
-CO2vjwillvjbevjbreathedvjott
-H+vjwillvjdecreasevjinvjECFvjandvjmaintainvjbalance
21. whatvjhappensvjwhenvj[CO2]vjisvjincreasedvjinvjbody?:vjbreathedvjottvjbyvjthevjlungs
22. whatvj happensvj whenvj [HCO3-]vj isv j increasedvj invj body?:v j excretevjbyvjthevjkidneysvjviavjurine
23. wherevjisvjthevjcarbonicvjacidvjbufferingvjsystemvjmostvjoftenvjfound?:vjinvjthevjlungvjan
dvjkidneys
24. explainvjwhatvjhappensvjarevjthevjpartialvjpressurevjofvjCO2vjincrease?:vjtherevjisvjgoingvjtov
jbevjmorevjCO2vjinvjthevjbody,vjsovjmorevjCO2vjwillvjbindvjwithvjH2OvjtovjgeneratevjmorevjH2CO3
asvj[CO2]vjincreases,vj[H2CO3]vjincreases
25. whatv j bodyv j systemv j canv j aidv j inv j decreasingv j [H2CO3]?:v j lungs
26. whatv j bodyv j systemv j canv j aidv j inv j reabsorption/regenerationv j ofv j bicarbonate?:v j k
id-vjney
27. whatvjhappensvjifvjthevjoverallvj[HCO3-
]vjdecreasesvjinvjthevjbody?:vjthevjpHvjofvjbodyvjwillvjdecreasevjwhichvjcanvjcausevjacidosis
*pHvjcanvjbevjreturnedvjtovjnormalvjifvjcarbonicvjacidvjalsovjdecreases
28. whatv j isv j pHv j adjustmentv j called?:v j compensation
29. howvjdoesvjthevjrespiratoryvjsystemvjcompensate?:vjincreasingvjorvjdecreasingvjventilation
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
1. Howvjarevjacidsvjformedvjinvjthevjbody?:vjasvjendvjproductsvjofvjprotein,vjcarbvjandvjfatvjmetabolism
2. whatvjisvjthevjbody'svjnormalvjpH?:vj7.35-7.45
3. howv j isv j pHv j inv j thev j bodyv j maintained?:v j H+vjarevjneutralizedvjbyvjthevjretentionvjofvjbicarbonatevjorvjexcret
ed
4. whatvjtwovjorgansvjplayvjthevjlargestvjrolevjofvjacid-basevjbalanace?:vjlungsvjandvjkidneys
5. whatv j doesv j av j pHv j belowv j 6.8v j mean?:v j death
6. whatv j doesv j av j pHv j abovev j 7.8v j mean?:v j death
7. Acid-
basevjbalancevjinvjthevjbodyvjisvjmainlyvjconcernedvjwithvjwhatvjions?:vjhydrogenv(j H+)vjandvjbica
rbonatevj(HCO3-)
8. whatv j isv j av j bufferv j system?:v j avjprotectivevjcushion/shieldvjthatvjhelpsvjregulatevjthevjpHvjofvjthevjbodyvjfromvjgo
ingvjtovjhighvjorvjtovjlowvjtoovjfast
9. whatv j isv j av j buffer?:v j ChemicalvjthatvjcanvjbindvjexcessivevjH+vjorvjOH−vjwithoutvjavjsignificantvjchangevjinvjpH.vjthinkvjw
eakvjacidvjandvjconjugatevjbasevjorvjweakvjbasevjandvjconjugatevjacid.
10. wherevjarevjbuffersvjlocatedvjinvjthevjbody?:vjICFvjandvjECF
11. whyvjdoesvjthevjbodyvjrequirevjavjbuffervjsystem?:vjwevjhavevjacidsvjbeingvjgeneratedvjinvjthevjbodyvja
llvjthevjtime.vjthesevjacidsvjreadilyvjgivevjupvjH+,vjleadingvjtovjdecreasevjinvjpHvj--
>vjbuttersvjarevjusedvjasvjavjwayvjtovjhandlevjchangevjinvjH+vjconcentrationvjandvjavoidvjdrasticvjshiftvjinvjpH
12. whatvjisvjphysiologicvjpHvjtellingvjyouvjaboutvjthevjbody?:vjitvjisvjavjquantificationvjofvjthevjbalancevjo
fvjacidvjandvjbases
13. whatv j isv j carbonicv j acid?:v j -H2CO3
-mostvjimportantvjweakvjacidvjinvjbody
-formsvjwhenvjcarbonvjdioxidevjcombinesvjwithvjwatervjviavjcarbonicvjhydralase
14. whatvjisvjthevjconjugatevjbasevjofvjcarbonicvjacid?:vjHCO3
-vjBicarbonate
15. whatvjisvjnoteablevjaboutvjcarbonicvjacidvjbeingvjavjweakvjacid?:vjisvjeasilyvjdissociatedvjfromvjH+vj
ionvjtovjformvjbicarbvjandvjH+
HCO3vj<->vjHCO3-vj+vjH+
16. whyvjisvjcarbonicvjacidvjsovjabundantvjinvjthevjbody?:vjbodyvjhasvjlargevjconcentrationsvjofvjCO2vjan
dvjH2O
17. whatvjdoesvjcarbonicvjacidvjdovjwhenvjthevjbodiesvj[H+]vjdrops?:v j itvjisvjavjweakvjacidvjsovjdissociate
, NRvj 412v j -
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
svjfromvjintovjHCO3-vjandvjH+vjtovjincreasevj[H+]vj~butter~vjthevjpHvjandvjkeepvjstable
, NRvj 412v j -
vj Examv j 2v j summerv j 2025
18. whatvjhappensvjwhenvjthevj[H+]vjincreasevjinvjthevjbody?:vjbicarbvjwillvjbindvjwithvjfreevjH+vjionsvjto
vjformvjcarbonicvjacidvjwhichvjcanvjdissociatevjintovjH2OvjandvjCO2vjandvjextravjCO2vjcanvjbevjbreathed vjottvjbyvjthevjlungs
19. explainv j howv j thev j bufferv j systemv j worksv j inv j thev j bodyv j whenv j av j strongv j basev j is
vjaddedvjtovjthevjenvironmentvjviavjcarbonicvjacidvjbuffering:vj-
strongvjbasevjinvjECFvjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjtwovjcomponentsvj(Na+vjandvjOH-)
-H+vjionsvjwillvjbindvjOH-vjtovjformvjH2O
-CO2vjfromvjthevjbodyvjwillvjbindvjH2OvjandvjformvjHCO3
-HCO3vjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjHCO3-vjandvjH+
-H+vjwillvjthenvjincreasevjinvjECFvjandvjmaintainvjbalance
20. explainv j howv j thev j bufferv j systemv j worksv j inv j thev j bodyv j whenv j av j strongv j acidv j isv
j addedvjtovjthevjenvironmentvjviavjcarbonicvjacidvjbuffering:vj-
strongvjacidvjinvjECFvjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjcomponentsvj(H+vjandvjCl-)
-H+ionsvjwillvjbindvjHCO3-vjtovjconvertvjintovjH2CO3
-H2CO3vjwillvjdissociatedvjintovjCO2vjandvjH2O
-CO2vjwillvjbevjbreathedvjott
-H+vjwillvjdecreasevjinvjECFvjandvjmaintainvjbalance
21. whatvjhappensvjwhenvj[CO2]vjisvjincreasedvjinvjbody?:vjbreathedvjottvjbyvjthevjlungs
22. whatvj happensvj whenvj [HCO3-]vj isv j increasedvj invj body?:v j excretevjbyvjthevjkidneysvjviavjurine
23. wherevjisvjthevjcarbonicvjacidvjbufferingvjsystemvjmostvjoftenvjfound?:vjinvjthevjlungvjan
dvjkidneys
24. explainvjwhatvjhappensvjarevjthevjpartialvjpressurevjofvjCO2vjincrease?:vjtherevjisvjgoingvjtov
jbevjmorevjCO2vjinvjthevjbody,vjsovjmorevjCO2vjwillvjbindvjwithvjH2OvjtovjgeneratevjmorevjH2CO3
asvj[CO2]vjincreases,vj[H2CO3]vjincreases
25. whatv j bodyv j systemv j canv j aidv j inv j decreasingv j [H2CO3]?:v j lungs
26. whatv j bodyv j systemv j canv j aidv j inv j reabsorption/regenerationv j ofv j bicarbonate?:v j k
id-vjney
27. whatvjhappensvjifvjthevjoverallvj[HCO3-
]vjdecreasesvjinvjthevjbody?:vjthevjpHvjofvjbodyvjwillvjdecreasevjwhichvjcanvjcausevjacidosis
*pHvjcanvjbevjreturnedvjtovjnormalvjifvjcarbonicvjacidvjalsovjdecreases
28. whatv j isv j pHv j adjustmentv j called?:v j compensation
29. howvjdoesvjthevjrespiratoryvjsystemvjcompensate?:vjincreasingvjorvjdecreasingvjventilation
