(NR.v j 412)v j Alterationsv j ofv j renalv j andv j urinaryv j tractv j functi
on
1. Whatvjstructuresvjmakevjupvjthevjuppervjurinaryvjtract?:vjKidneys
vjUreter
2. Whatvjstructuresvjmakevjupvjthevjlowervjurinaryvjtract?:vjBladder
vjurethra
3. WhatvjisvjavjUrinaryvjtractvjobstruction?:vjavjblockagevjofvjurinevjflowvjwithinvjthevjurinaryvjtract
4. WhatvjarevjtwovjtypevjofvjUrinaryvjtractvjobstructions?:vjanatomical
vjfunctional
5. WhatvjisvjthevjseverityvjofvjavjUTIvjbasedvjon?:vjNature/cause
vjlocation
completeness
involvementvjofvjonevjorvjbothvjurinaryvjtractsvjdurati
on
6. Whatvjisvjhydroureter?:vjdilationvjofvjbothvjureters
7. Whatvj isvj hydronephrosis?:vj dilationvjofvjrenalvjpelvisvjandvjcalyces
8. Whatv j isv j ureterohydronephrosis?:v j dilationvjofvjrenalvjpelvis,vjureters,vjcalyces
9. Whatvjcanvjbevjcausedvjbyvjstereo-hydronephorsis?:vjcellularvjdestructionvjandvjdeathvjofvjnephrons
10. Whatv j isv j nephrolithiasis?:v j kidneyvjstonesvjorvjrenalvjcalculi
11. Whatvjarevjnephrolithiasisvjmadevjupvjof?:vjcrystals,vjproteins,vjandvjonevjorvjmorevjmineralvjsalts
12. Wherev j doesv j nephrolithiasisv j form?:v j invjthevjurinaryvjtractvjandvjcanvjcausevjanvjobstruction
13. Whatvjarevjriskvjfactorsvjforvjdevelopingvjkidneyvjstones?:vjMalevj
undervj50
inadequatevjfluidvj intake
geographicalvjlocationvj(temp.,vjrainvjfall,vjhumidity,vjdietaryvjandvjfluidvjpatterns)
14. Whatvjformsvjkidneyvjstones?:vjsupersaturationvjofvjonevjorvjmorevjmineralvjsaltsvj(fluidvjstatus
)vjprecipitationvjfromvjavjliquidvjtovjavjsolidvjstatevj(temp./pH)
stonevjformationvjviavjcrystallizationvjorvjagglomerationvjpresen
cevjorvjabsencevjofvjstonevjinhibitors
15. Howvjdoesvjalkalinevjurinevjaffectvjstonevjformation?:vjIncreasevjthevjriskvjofvjcalciumvjphosphate
vjstonevjformationvjwhichvjisvjthevjmostvjcommon
16. Howvjdoesvjacidicvjurinevjaffectvjstonevjformation?:vjIncreasesvjthevrj iskvoj fvjuricvaj cidvjstonevfj ormation
17. Whatvjarevjkidneyvjstonevjinhibitors?:vjUromodulin,vjpotassiumvjcitrate,vjpyrophosphate,vjandvjmagne-
v j sium
, (NR.v j 412)v j Alterationsv j ofv j renalv j andv j urinaryv j tractv j functi
on
18. WhatvjarevjthevjclinicalvjmanifestationsvjofvjKidneyvjstones?:vjRenalvjcolicvjpain
19. WhatvjarevjLowervjurinaryvjtractvjobstructions?:vjUrethralvjstricture,vjprostatevjenlargement,vjandvjOAB
20. Urethralv j stricturev j is?:v j Narrowingvjofvjthevjlumenvjcausedvjbyvjinfection,vjinjury,vjorvjsurgicalvjmanipulation
21. Whatvjisvjrequiredvjtovjfixvjavjurethralvjstricture?:vjUrethroplasty
22. Prostatevj enlargementvj occursvj duevj to?:vj Acutevjinflammation,vjBPH,vjorvjprostatevjcancer
23. Whatv j causesv j OAB?:v j Chronicvjsyndromevjofvjdetrusorvjoveractivity
24. Whatv j isv j UAB?:v j Reducedvjstrengthvjand/orvjdurationvjofvjbladdervjcontractions
25. Whatv j doesv j UABv j cause?:v j Prolongedvjemptyingvjorvjincompletevjemptying
26. WhatvjisvjUABvjcausedvjby?:vj1.vjSpinalvjcordvjinjury
2. Aging
3. Diabeticvjneuropathy
4. MS
5. Parkinsons
6. stroke
27. Whatvjisvjneurogenicvjbladder?:vjbladdervjdysfunctionvjcausedvjbyvjavjneurologicvjdisordervjthatvjcaus
evjproblemsvjwithvjurinevjstoringvjandvjvoiding.
28. Whatv j arev j upperv j motorv j neuronv j dysfunctions?:v j Dyssynergiavjandvjdetrusorvjhyperreflexiavjw
ithvjvesico-vjsphinctervjdyssynergia
29. WhatvjisvjDyssynergia?:vjOveractivevjorvjhyperreflexivevjbladdervjfunction
30. WhatvjisvjDetrusorvjhyperreflexiavjwithvjvesico-sphinctervjdyssynergia?:vjThevjvesi-
vjco-sphinctervjandvjthevjbladdervjcontractvjatvjthevjsamevjtimevjcausingvjavjfunctionalvjobstructionvjinvjthevjbladdervjoutlet
31. Whatvj arevj lowervj motorvj neuronvj dysfunctions?:vj Detrusorvjareflexia
32. Whatvjisvjdetrusorvjareflexia?:vjunderactive,vjhypotonic,vjorvjatonicvjbladder
33. Whatvjarevjclinicalvjmanifestationsvjofvjavjlowervjurinaryvjobstruction?:vj1.vjFrequen
tvjdaytimevjvoiding,vjmorevjoftenvjthanvjeveryvj2vjhoursvjwhenvjawake
2. Nocturia
3. Dysuria
4. Urgencyvjcombinedvjwithvjhesitancy
5. Feelingvj ofvj incompletevj bladdervj emptyingvj despitevj micturition
6. Poorvjforcevjofvjurinaryvjstreamvjorvjintermittentvjstream
on
1. Whatvjstructuresvjmakevjupvjthevjuppervjurinaryvjtract?:vjKidneys
vjUreter
2. Whatvjstructuresvjmakevjupvjthevjlowervjurinaryvjtract?:vjBladder
vjurethra
3. WhatvjisvjavjUrinaryvjtractvjobstruction?:vjavjblockagevjofvjurinevjflowvjwithinvjthevjurinaryvjtract
4. WhatvjarevjtwovjtypevjofvjUrinaryvjtractvjobstructions?:vjanatomical
vjfunctional
5. WhatvjisvjthevjseverityvjofvjavjUTIvjbasedvjon?:vjNature/cause
vjlocation
completeness
involvementvjofvjonevjorvjbothvjurinaryvjtractsvjdurati
on
6. Whatvjisvjhydroureter?:vjdilationvjofvjbothvjureters
7. Whatvj isvj hydronephrosis?:vj dilationvjofvjrenalvjpelvisvjandvjcalyces
8. Whatv j isv j ureterohydronephrosis?:v j dilationvjofvjrenalvjpelvis,vjureters,vjcalyces
9. Whatvjcanvjbevjcausedvjbyvjstereo-hydronephorsis?:vjcellularvjdestructionvjandvjdeathvjofvjnephrons
10. Whatv j isv j nephrolithiasis?:v j kidneyvjstonesvjorvjrenalvjcalculi
11. Whatvjarevjnephrolithiasisvjmadevjupvjof?:vjcrystals,vjproteins,vjandvjonevjorvjmorevjmineralvjsalts
12. Wherev j doesv j nephrolithiasisv j form?:v j invjthevjurinaryvjtractvjandvjcanvjcausevjanvjobstruction
13. Whatvjarevjriskvjfactorsvjforvjdevelopingvjkidneyvjstones?:vjMalevj
undervj50
inadequatevjfluidvj intake
geographicalvjlocationvj(temp.,vjrainvjfall,vjhumidity,vjdietaryvjandvjfluidvjpatterns)
14. Whatvjformsvjkidneyvjstones?:vjsupersaturationvjofvjonevjorvjmorevjmineralvjsaltsvj(fluidvjstatus
)vjprecipitationvjfromvjavjliquidvjtovjavjsolidvjstatevj(temp./pH)
stonevjformationvjviavjcrystallizationvjorvjagglomerationvjpresen
cevjorvjabsencevjofvjstonevjinhibitors
15. Howvjdoesvjalkalinevjurinevjaffectvjstonevjformation?:vjIncreasevjthevjriskvjofvjcalciumvjphosphate
vjstonevjformationvjwhichvjisvjthevjmostvjcommon
16. Howvjdoesvjacidicvjurinevjaffectvjstonevjformation?:vjIncreasesvjthevrj iskvoj fvjuricvaj cidvjstonevfj ormation
17. Whatvjarevjkidneyvjstonevjinhibitors?:vjUromodulin,vjpotassiumvjcitrate,vjpyrophosphate,vjandvjmagne-
v j sium
, (NR.v j 412)v j Alterationsv j ofv j renalv j andv j urinaryv j tractv j functi
on
18. WhatvjarevjthevjclinicalvjmanifestationsvjofvjKidneyvjstones?:vjRenalvjcolicvjpain
19. WhatvjarevjLowervjurinaryvjtractvjobstructions?:vjUrethralvjstricture,vjprostatevjenlargement,vjandvjOAB
20. Urethralv j stricturev j is?:v j Narrowingvjofvjthevjlumenvjcausedvjbyvjinfection,vjinjury,vjorvjsurgicalvjmanipulation
21. Whatvjisvjrequiredvjtovjfixvjavjurethralvjstricture?:vjUrethroplasty
22. Prostatevj enlargementvj occursvj duevj to?:vj Acutevjinflammation,vjBPH,vjorvjprostatevjcancer
23. Whatv j causesv j OAB?:v j Chronicvjsyndromevjofvjdetrusorvjoveractivity
24. Whatv j isv j UAB?:v j Reducedvjstrengthvjand/orvjdurationvjofvjbladdervjcontractions
25. Whatv j doesv j UABv j cause?:v j Prolongedvjemptyingvjorvjincompletevjemptying
26. WhatvjisvjUABvjcausedvjby?:vj1.vjSpinalvjcordvjinjury
2. Aging
3. Diabeticvjneuropathy
4. MS
5. Parkinsons
6. stroke
27. Whatvjisvjneurogenicvjbladder?:vjbladdervjdysfunctionvjcausedvjbyvjavjneurologicvjdisordervjthatvjcaus
evjproblemsvjwithvjurinevjstoringvjandvjvoiding.
28. Whatv j arev j upperv j motorv j neuronv j dysfunctions?:v j Dyssynergiavjandvjdetrusorvjhyperreflexiavjw
ithvjvesico-vjsphinctervjdyssynergia
29. WhatvjisvjDyssynergia?:vjOveractivevjorvjhyperreflexivevjbladdervjfunction
30. WhatvjisvjDetrusorvjhyperreflexiavjwithvjvesico-sphinctervjdyssynergia?:vjThevjvesi-
vjco-sphinctervjandvjthevjbladdervjcontractvjatvjthevjsamevjtimevjcausingvjavjfunctionalvjobstructionvjinvjthevjbladdervjoutlet
31. Whatvj arevj lowervj motorvj neuronvj dysfunctions?:vj Detrusorvjareflexia
32. Whatvjisvjdetrusorvjareflexia?:vjunderactive,vjhypotonic,vjorvjatonicvjbladder
33. Whatvjarevjclinicalvjmanifestationsvjofvjavjlowervjurinaryvjobstruction?:vj1.vjFrequen
tvjdaytimevjvoiding,vjmorevjoftenvjthanvjeveryvj2vjhoursvjwhenvjawake
2. Nocturia
3. Dysuria
4. Urgencyvjcombinedvjwithvjhesitancy
5. Feelingvj ofvj incompletevj bladdervj emptyingvj despitevj micturition
6. Poorvjforcevjofvjurinaryvjstreamvjorvjintermittentvjstream
