DATA LITERACY EXAM WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026 #8
Coin toss counts - correct answer even when a coin is fair we do not expect exactly
50% of the heads in a small number of tosses
- we expect high variability in the counts
Increasing coin toss to 100 tosses - correct answer when you increase the number of
tosses this decreases the probability of heads in 100 tosses
Larger sample sizes - correct answer at larger sample sizes observed percentages
clyster more tightly around theoretical percentage
Law of large numbers - correct answer as the sample size increases the average value
of the outcomes will converge to the expected value or true probability
Survey - correct answer method of gathering information using relevant questions from
a sample of people with the aim of understanding populations as a whole
Opinion poll - correct answer type of survey
-questionnaire asking people for their opinion usually about a policy or about a
candidate in public office
- usually ,multiple choice or a rating scale
Sample - correct answer people who respond
Sample size - correct answer number of people in the sample
You want the sample size to be big enough for the poll to be meaningful.
Population - correct answer larger group that you are attempting to make a statement
about
Margin of error - correct answer a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll
- way to describe the width of the distribution
- half the length of the confidence interval
Margin of error for different n and p - correct answer - moe is unacceptably high for n-10
and n=100
- in electoral polling n= 1000 is the standard
- the closer the poll result is to 50%th larger the margin of error
-the most common moe that you read in the media is 3%
Statistical error - correct answer due to limited sample size
Systematic error - correct answer due to biases in selecting your sample and other poor
design
, Example the literary digest error that unfavorably focused on the opinion of rich
republicans
Larger sample size is not more representative - correct answer a larger sample size
does not mean it is more representative especially if the sample is not randomly
selected and unfairly over represents a population
Oversampling - correct answer the researcher overrepresent one or more groups
because they are commonly underreoresented and the results are then weighted to
their actual proportion in the population,
Weird - correct answer western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
Claims made by henrich et al - correct answer 1) behavioral sciences data is narrow -->
american undergrads are 4000 times more likely y to bee included as participants
2) researchers jump to conclusion about the generality / external validity of their findings
3) weird samples are different from weird samples. --> in some cases weird samples are
on the extreme end
What henrich et al do not claim - correct answer - people dont have any/ many
commonalities
- it is never justified to only use a weird smoke --> exclusive use is justified when
seeking existential proofs
- it is never justified to generalize from weird sample to a population
Recommendations from paper - correct answer exercise caution in inferential
extensions
Authors should explicitly discuss and defend generality of their findings
build research links in diverse subject pools
Encourage and facilitate researchers to work on expanding sample diversity
Question content - correct answer demographic - identity information
Opinion - understand their view on a subjective topic
Knowledge- see what people know about objective facts
Likert scale - correct answer a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set
of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme
Text entry - correct answer also known as an open field question - test take can answer
in their own words
- use open-ended questions
Coin toss counts - correct answer even when a coin is fair we do not expect exactly
50% of the heads in a small number of tosses
- we expect high variability in the counts
Increasing coin toss to 100 tosses - correct answer when you increase the number of
tosses this decreases the probability of heads in 100 tosses
Larger sample sizes - correct answer at larger sample sizes observed percentages
clyster more tightly around theoretical percentage
Law of large numbers - correct answer as the sample size increases the average value
of the outcomes will converge to the expected value or true probability
Survey - correct answer method of gathering information using relevant questions from
a sample of people with the aim of understanding populations as a whole
Opinion poll - correct answer type of survey
-questionnaire asking people for their opinion usually about a policy or about a
candidate in public office
- usually ,multiple choice or a rating scale
Sample - correct answer people who respond
Sample size - correct answer number of people in the sample
You want the sample size to be big enough for the poll to be meaningful.
Population - correct answer larger group that you are attempting to make a statement
about
Margin of error - correct answer a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll
- way to describe the width of the distribution
- half the length of the confidence interval
Margin of error for different n and p - correct answer - moe is unacceptably high for n-10
and n=100
- in electoral polling n= 1000 is the standard
- the closer the poll result is to 50%th larger the margin of error
-the most common moe that you read in the media is 3%
Statistical error - correct answer due to limited sample size
Systematic error - correct answer due to biases in selecting your sample and other poor
design
, Example the literary digest error that unfavorably focused on the opinion of rich
republicans
Larger sample size is not more representative - correct answer a larger sample size
does not mean it is more representative especially if the sample is not randomly
selected and unfairly over represents a population
Oversampling - correct answer the researcher overrepresent one or more groups
because they are commonly underreoresented and the results are then weighted to
their actual proportion in the population,
Weird - correct answer western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
Claims made by henrich et al - correct answer 1) behavioral sciences data is narrow -->
american undergrads are 4000 times more likely y to bee included as participants
2) researchers jump to conclusion about the generality / external validity of their findings
3) weird samples are different from weird samples. --> in some cases weird samples are
on the extreme end
What henrich et al do not claim - correct answer - people dont have any/ many
commonalities
- it is never justified to only use a weird smoke --> exclusive use is justified when
seeking existential proofs
- it is never justified to generalize from weird sample to a population
Recommendations from paper - correct answer exercise caution in inferential
extensions
Authors should explicitly discuss and defend generality of their findings
build research links in diverse subject pools
Encourage and facilitate researchers to work on expanding sample diversity
Question content - correct answer demographic - identity information
Opinion - understand their view on a subjective topic
Knowledge- see what people know about objective facts
Likert scale - correct answer a numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set
of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme
Text entry - correct answer also known as an open field question - test take can answer
in their own words
- use open-ended questions
